Generally, the most effective way to begin your own Wi-Fi application is to select an example which is similar to your own application, and port the useful part into your project. It is not a MUST, but it is strongly recommended that you take some time to read this article first, especially if you want to program a robust Wi-Fi application.
This article is supplementary to the Wi-Fi APIs/Examples. It describes the principles of using the Wi-Fi APIs, the limitations of the current Wi-Fi API implementation, and the most common pitfalls in using Wi-Fi. This article also reveals some design details of the Wi-Fi driver. We recommend you to select an example .
wifi/getting_started/softAP demonstrates how to use the SoftAP functionality to configure ESP32-C5 as an AP.
wifi/scan demonstrates how to scan for available APs, configure the scan settings, and display the scan results.
wifi/fast_scan demonstrates how to perform fast and all channel scans for nearby APs, set thresholds for signal strength and authentication modes, and connect to the best fitting AP based on signal strength and authentication mode.
wifi/wps demonstrates how to use the WPS enrollee feature to simplify the process of connecting to a Wi-Fi router, with options for PIN or PBC modes.
wifi/wps_softap_registrar demonstrates how to use the WPS registrar feature on SoftAP mode, simplifying the process of connecting to a Wi-Fi SoftAP from a station.
wifi/smart_config demonstrates how to use the smartconfig feature to connect to a target AP using the ESPTOUCH app.
wifi/power_save demonstrates how to use the power save mode in station mode.
wifi/softap_sta demonstrates how to configure ESP32-C5 to function as both an AP and a station simultaneously, effectively enabling it to act as a Wi-Fi NAT router.
wifi/iperf demonstrates how to implement the protocol used by the iPerf performance measurement tool, allowing for performance measurement between two chips or between a single chip and a computer running the iPerf tool, with specific instructions for testing station/soft-AP TCP/UDP RX/TX throughput.
wifi/roaming/roaming_app demonstrates how to use the Wi-Fi Roaming App functionality to efficiently roam between compatible APs.
wifi/itwt demonstrates how to use the iTWT feature, which only works in station mode and under different power save modes, with commands for setup, teardown, and suspend, and also shows the difference in current consumption when iTWT is enabled or disabled.
Write Error-Recovery Routines Correctly at All Times
Just like the handling of "rainy-day" scenarios, a good error-recovery routine is also fundamental to robust Wi-Fi applications. Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi API Error Code.
Whether the error is critical or not depends on the API and the application scenario, and it is defined by the API user.
The primary principle to write a robust application with Wi-Fi API is to always check the error code and write the error-handling code. Generally, the error-handling code can be used:
For recoverable errors, in which case you can write a recoverable-error code. For example, when esp_wifi_start() returns ESP_ERR_NO_MEM, the recoverable-error code vTaskDelay can be called in order to get a microseconds' delay for another try.
For non-recoverable, yet non-critical errors, in which case printing the error code is a good method for error handling.
For non-recoverable and also critical errors, in which case "assert" may be a good method for error handling. For example, if esp_wifi_set_mode() returns ESP_ERR_WIFI_NOT_INIT, it means that the Wi-Fi driver is not initialized by esp_wifi_init() successfully. You can detect this kind of error very quickly in the application development phase.
In esp_common/include/esp_err.h, ESP_ERROR_CHECK checks the return values. It is a rather commonplace error-handling code and can be used as the default error-handling code in the application development phase. However, it is strongly recommended that API users write their own error-handling code.
When initializing struct parameters for the API, one of two approaches should be followed:
Explicitly set all fields of the parameter.
Use get API to get current configuration first, then set application specific fields.
Initializing or getting the entire structure is very important, because most of the time the value 0 indicates that the default value is used. More fields may be added to the struct in the future and initializing these to zero ensures the application will still work correctly after ESP-IDF is updated to a new release.
The Wi-Fi driver can be considered a black box that knows nothing about high-layer code, such as the TCP/IP stack, application task, and event task. The application task (code) generally calls Wi-Fi driver APIs to initialize Wi-Fi and handles Wi-Fi events when necessary. Wi-Fi driver receives API calls, handles them, and posts events to the application.
Wi-Fi event handling is based on the esp_event library. Events are sent by the Wi-Fi driver to the default event loop. Application may handle these events in callbacks registered using esp_event_handler_register(). Wi-Fi events are also handled by esp_netif component to provide a set of default behaviors. For example, when Wi-Fi station connects to an AP, esp_netif will automatically start the DHCP client by default.
The Wi-Fi driver will never generate this event, which, as a result, can be ignored by the application event callback. This event may be removed in future releases.
Upon receiving this event, the event task does nothing. The application event callback needs to call esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_num() and esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() to fetch the scanned AP list and trigger the Wi-Fi driver to free the internal memory which is allocated during the scan (do not forget to do this!).
Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Scan for a more detailed description.
If esp_wifi_start() returns ESP_OK and the current Wi-Fi mode is station or station/AP, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will initialize the LwIP network interface (netif). Generally, the application event callback needs to call esp_wifi_connect() to connect to the configured AP.
If esp_wifi_stop() returns ESP_OK and the current Wi-Fi mode is station or station/AP, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will release the station's IP address, stop the DHCP client, remove TCP/UDP-related connections, and clear the LwIP station netif, etc. The application event callback generally does not need to do anything.
If esp_wifi_connect() returns ESP_OK and the station successfully connects to the target AP, the connection event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task starts the DHCP client and begins the DHCP process of getting the IP address. Then, the Wi-Fi driver is ready for sending and receiving data. This moment is good for beginning the application work, provided that the application does not depend on LwIP, namely the IP address. However, if the application is LwIP-based, then you need to wait until the got ip event comes in.
When esp_wifi_connect() is called, but the Wi-Fi driver fails to set up a connection with the AP due to certain reasons, e.g., the scan fails to find the target AP or the authentication times out. If there are more than one AP with the same SSID, the disconnected event will be raised after the station fails to connect all of the found APs.
When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted because of specific reasons, e.g., the station continuously loses N beacons, the AP kicks off the station, or the AP's authentication mode is changed.
Upon receiving this event, the default behaviors of the event task are:
Shutting down the station's LwIP netif.
Notifying the LwIP task to clear the UDP/TCP connections which cause the wrong status to all sockets. For socket-based applications, the application callback can choose to close all sockets and re-create them, if necessary, upon receiving this event.
The most common event handle code for this event in application is to call esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect the Wi-Fi. However, if the event is raised because esp_wifi_disconnect() is called, the application should not call esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect. It is the application's responsibility to distinguish whether the event is caused by esp_wifi_disconnect() or other reasons. Sometimes a better reconnection strategy is required. Refer to Wi-Fi Reconnect and Scan When Wi-Fi Is Connecting.
Another thing that deserves attention is that the default behavior of LwIP is to abort all TCP socket connections on receiving the disconnect. In most cases, it is not a problem. However, for some special applications, this may not be what they want. Consider the following scenarios:
The application creates a TCP connection to maintain the application-level keep-alive data that is sent out every 60 seconds.
Due to certain reasons, the Wi-Fi connection is cut off, and the WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED is raised. According to the current implementation, all TCP connections will be removed and the keep-alive socket will be in a wrong status. However, since the application designer believes that the network layer should ignore this error at the Wi-Fi layer, the application does not close the socket.
Five seconds later, the Wi-Fi connection is restored because esp_wifi_connect() is called in the application event callback function. Moreover, the station connects to the same AP and gets the same IPV4 address as before.
Sixty seconds later, when the application sends out data with the keep-alive socket, the socket returns an error and the application closes the socket and re-creates it when necessary.
In above scenarios, ideally, the application sockets and the network layer should not be affected, since the Wi-Fi connection only fails temporarily and recovers very quickly.
This event arises when the DHCP client successfully gets the IPV4 address from the DHCP server, or when the IPV4 address is changed. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks (e.g., creating sockets).
The IPV4 may be changed because of the following reasons:
The DHCP client fails to renew/rebind the IPV4 address, and the station's IPV4 is reset to 0.
The DHCP client rebinds to a different address.
The static-configured IPV4 address is changed.
Whether the IPV4 address is changed or not is indicated by the field ip_change of ip_event_got_ip_t.
The socket is based on the IPV4 address, which means that, if the IPV4 changes, all sockets relating to this IPV4 will become abnormal. Upon receiving this event, the application needs to close all sockets and recreate the application when the IPV4 changes to a valid one.
This event arises when the IPV6 SLAAC support auto-configures an address for the ESP32-C5, or when this address changes. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks, e.g., creating sockets.
This event arises when the IPV4 address becomes invalid.
IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP does not arise immediately after the Wi-Fi disconnects. Instead, it starts an IPV4 address lost timer. If the IPV4 address is got before ip lost timer expires, IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP does not happen. Otherwise, the event arises when the IPV4 address lost timer expires.
Generally, the application can ignore this event, because it is just a debug event to inform that the IPV4 address is lost.
Every time a station is connected to ESP32-C5 AP, the WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will do nothing, and the application callback can also ignore it. However, you may want to do something, for example, to get the info of the connected STA.
The Wi-Fi driver kicks off the station, e.g., because the AP has not received any packets in the past five minutes. The time can be modified by esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().
The station kicks off the AP.
When this event happens, the event task will do nothing, but the application event callback needs to do something, e.g., close the socket which is related to this station.
This event is disabled by default. The application can enable it via API esp_wifi_set_event_mask().
When this event is enabled, it will be raised each time the AP receives a probe request.
If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT will arise. The application can set inactive time via API esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().
s1.1: The main task calls esp_netif_init() to create an LwIP core task and initialize LwIP-related work.
s1.2: The main task calls esp_event_loop_create() to create a system Event task and initialize an application event's callback function. In the scenario above, the application event's callback function does nothing but relaying the event to the application task.
s1.4: The main task calls esp_wifi_init() to create the Wi-Fi driver task and initialize the Wi-Fi driver.
s1.5: The main task calls OS API to create the application task.
Step 1.1 ~ 1.5 is a recommended sequence that initializes a Wi-Fi-/LwIP-based application. However, it is NOT a must-follow sequence, which means that you can create the application task in step 1.1 and put all other initialization in the application task. Moreover, you may not want to create the application task in the initialization phase if the application task depends on the sockets. Rather, you can defer the task creation until the IP is obtained.
Once the Wi-Fi driver is initialized, you can start configuring the Wi-Fi driver. In this scenario, the mode is station, so you may need to call esp_wifi_set_mode() (WIFI_MODE_STA) to configure the Wi-Fi mode as station. You can call other esp_wifi_set_xxx APIs to configure more settings, such as the protocol mode, the country code, and the bandwidth. Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Configuration.
Generally, the Wi-Fi driver should be configured before the Wi-Fi connection is set up. But this is NOT mandatory, which means that you can configure the Wi-Fi connection anytime, provided that the Wi-Fi driver is initialized successfully. However, if the configuration does not need to change after the Wi-Fi connection is set up, you should configure the Wi-Fi driver at this stage, because the configuration APIs (such as esp_wifi_set_protocol()) will cause the Wi-Fi to reconnect, which may not be desirable.
If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled by menuconfig, all Wi-Fi configuration in this phase, or later phases, will be stored into flash. When the board powers on/reboots, you do not need to configure the Wi-Fi driver from scratch. You only need to call esp_wifi_get_xxx APIs to fetch the configuration stored in flash previously. You can also configure the Wi-Fi driver if the previous configuration is not what you want.
s3.2: The Wi-Fi driver posts WIFI_EVENT_STA_START to the event task; then, the event task will do some common things and will call the application event callback function.
s4.1: Once esp_wifi_connect() is called, the Wi-Fi driver will start the internal scan/connection process.
s4.2: If the internal scan/connection process is successful, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED will be generated. In the event task, it starts the DHCP client, which will finally trigger the DHCP process.
s4.3: In the above-mentioned scenario, the application event callback will relay the event to the application task. Generally, the application needs to do nothing, and you can do whatever you want, e.g., print a log.
In step 4.2, the Wi-Fi connection may fail because, for example, the password is wrong, or the AP is not found. In a case like this, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason for such a failure will be provided. For handling events that disrupt Wi-Fi connection, please refer to phase 6.
s5.1: Once the DHCP client is initialized in step 4.2, the got IP phase will begin.
s5.2: If the IP address is successfully received from the DHCP server, then IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP will arise and the event task will perform common handling.
s5.3: In the application event callback, IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is relayed to the application task. For LwIP-based applications, this event is very special and means that everything is ready for the application to begin its tasks, e.g., creating the TCP/UDP socket. A very common mistake is to initialize the socket before IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is received. DO NOT start the socket-related work before the IP is received.
s6.1: When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted, e.g., the AP is powered off or the RSSI is poor, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise. This event may also arise in phase 3. Here, the event task will notify the LwIP task to clear/remove all UDP/TCP connections. Then, all application sockets will be in a wrong status. In other words, no socket can work properly when this event happens.
s6.2: In the scenario described above, the application event callback function relays WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED to the application task. The recommended actions are: 1) call esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect the Wi-Fi, 2) close all sockets, and 3) re-create them if necessary. For details, please refer to WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.
Scan by sending a probe request. The default scan is an active scan.
Passive Scan
No probe request is sent out. Just switch to the specific channel and wait for a beacon. Application can enable it via the scan_type field of wifi_scan_config_t.
Foreground Scan
This scan is applicable when there is no Wi-Fi connection in station mode. Foreground or background scanning is controlled by the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
Background Scan
This scan is applicable when there is a Wi-Fi connection in station mode or in station/AP mode. Whether it is a foreground scan or background scan depends on the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
All-Channel Scan
It scans all of the channels. If the channel field of wifi_scan_config_t is set to 0, it is an all-channel scan.
Specific Channel Scan
It scans specific channels only. If the channel field of wifi_scan_config_t set to 1-14, it is a specific-channel scan.
The scan modes in above table can be combined arbitrarily, so there are in total 8 different scans:
If the SSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same SSID that can be scanned.
bssid
If the BSSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same BSSID that can be scanned.
channel
If “channel” is 0, there will be an all-channel scan; otherwise, there will be a specific-channel scan.
show_hidden
If “show_hidden” is 0, the scan ignores the AP with a hidden SSID; otherwise, the scan considers the hidden AP a normal one.
scan_type
If “scan_type” is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, the scan is “active”; otherwise, it is a “passive” one.
scan_time
This field is used to control how long the scan dwells on each channel.
For passive scans, scan_time.passive designates the dwell time for each channel.
For active scans, dwell times for each channel are listed in the table below. Here, min is short for scan time.active.min and max is short for scan_time.active.max.
min=0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms.
min>0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms.
min=0, max>0: scan dwells on each channel for max ms.
min>0, max>0: the minimum time the scan dwells on each channel is min ms. If no AP is found during this time frame, the scan switches to the next channel. Otherwise, the scan dwells on the channel for max ms.
If you want to improve the performance of the scan, you can try to modify these two parameters.
The scenario above describes an all-channel, foreground scan. The foreground scan can only occur in station mode where the station does not connect to any AP. Whether it is a foreground or background scan is totally determined by the Wi-Fi driver, and cannot be configured by the application.
s1.2: Call esp_wifi_scan_start() to configure the scan. To do so, you can refer to Scan Configuration. Since this is an all-channel scan, just set the SSID/BSSID/channel to 0.
s2.1: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 1. In this case, the scan type is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, and a probe request is broadcasted. Otherwise, the Wi-Fi will wait for a beacon from the APs. The Wi-Fi driver will stay in channel 1 for some time. The dwell time is configured in min/max time, with the default value being 120 ms.
s2.2: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 2 and performs the same operation as in step 2.1.
s2.3: The Wi-Fi driver scans the last channel N, where N is determined by the country code which is configured in step 1.1.
The scenario above is an all-channel background scan. Compared to Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground) , the difference in the all-channel background scan is that the Wi-Fi driver will scan the back-to-home channel for 30 ms before it switches to the next channel to give the Wi-Fi connection a chance to transmit/receive data.
s1.1: In step 1.2, the target AP will be configured to SSID/BSSID.
s2.1 ~ s2.N: Each time the Wi-Fi driver scans an AP, it will check whether it is a target AP or not. If the scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN scan and the target AP is found, then the scan-done event will arise and scanning will end; otherwise, the scan will continue. Please note that the first scanned channel may not be channel 1, because the Wi-Fi driver optimizes the scanning sequence.
It is a possible situation that there are multiple APs that match the target AP info, e.g., two APs with the SSID of "ap" are scanned. In this case, if the scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN, then only the first scanned "ap" will be found. If the scan is WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN, both "ap" will be found and the station will connect the "ap" according to the configured strategy. Refer to Station Basic Configuration.
You can scan a specific AP, or all of them, in any given channel. These two scenarios are very similar.
If the block parameter of esp_wifi_scan_start() is true, then the scan is a blocked one, and the application task will be blocked until the scan is done. The blocked scan is similar to an unblocked one, except that no scan-done event will arise when the blocked scan is completed.
Two application tasks may call esp_wifi_scan_start() at the same time, or the same application task calls esp_wifi_scan_start() before it gets a scan-done event. Both scenarios can happen. However, the Wi-Fi driver does not support multiple concurrent scans adequately. As a result, concurrent scans should be avoided. Support for concurrent scan will be enhanced in future releases, as the ESP32-C5's Wi-Fi functionality improves continuously.
The esp_wifi_scan_start() fails immediately if the Wi-Fi is connecting, because the connecting has higher priority than the scan. If scan fails because of connecting, the recommended strategy is to delay for some time and retry scan again. The scan will succeed once the connecting is completed.
However, the retry/delay strategy may not work all the time. Considering the following scenarios:
The station is connecting a non-existing AP or it connects the existing AP with a wrong password, it always raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.
The application calls esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect on receiving the disconnect event.
Another application task, e.g., the console task, calls esp_wifi_scan_start() to do scan, the scan always fails immediately because the station keeps connecting.
When scan fails, the application simply delays for some time and retries the scan.
In the above scenarios, the scan will never succeed because the connecting is in process. So if the application supports similar scenario, it needs to implement a better reconnection strategy. For example:
The application can choose to define a maximum continuous reconnection counter and stop reconnecting once the counter reaches the maximum.
The application can choose to reconnect immediately in the first N continuous reconnection, then give a delay sometime and reconnect again.
The application can define its own reconnection strategy to avoid the scan starve to death. Refer to <Wi-Fi Reconnect>.
s1.1: The Wi-Fi driver begins scanning in "Wi-Fi Connect". Refer to Scan in Wi-Fi Connect for more details.
s1.2: If the scan fails to find the target AP, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code could either be WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND or WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_W_COMPATIBLE_SECURITY or WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_IN_AUTHMODE_THRESHOLD or WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD depending of the Station's configuration. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s2.1: The authentication request packet is sent and the auth timer is enabled.
s2.2: If the authentication response packet is not received before the authentication timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be WIFI_REASON_AUTH_EXPIRE. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s2.3: The auth-response packet is received and the auth-timer is stopped.
s2.4: The AP rejects authentication in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason code is WIFI_REASON_AUTH_FAIL or the reasons specified by the AP. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s3.1: The association request is sent and the association timer is enabled.
s3.2: If the association response is not received before the association timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be WIFI_REASON_DISASSOC_DUE_TO_INACTIVITY. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s3.3: The association response is received and the association timer is stopped.
s3.4: The AP rejects the association in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason code is the one specified in the association response. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s4.1: The handshake timer is enabled, and the 1/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires. WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
s4.2: The 1/4 EAPOL is received.
s4.3: The station replies 2/4 EAPOL.
s4.4: If the 3/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.
The table below shows the reason-code defined in ESP32-C5. The first column is the macro name defined in esp_wifi/include/esp_wifi_types.h. The common prefix WIFI_REASON is removed, which means that UNSPECIFIED actually stands for WIFI_REASON_UNSPECIFIED and so on. The second column is the value of the reason. This reason value is same as defined in section 9.4.1.7 of IEEE 802.11-2020. (For more information, refer to the standard mentioned above.) The last column describes the reason. Reason-codes starting from 200 are Espressif defined reason-codes and are not part of IEEE 802.11-2020.
Also note that REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_XXX codes are mentioned in increasing order of importance. So if a single AP has a combination of the above reasons for failure, the more important one will be reported. Additionally, if there are multiple APs that satisfy the identifying criteria and connecting to all of them fails for different reasons mentioned above, then the reason code reported is for the AP that failed connection due to the least important reason code, as it was the one closest to a successful connection.
Following reason codes are renamed to their shorter form to wrap the table in page width.
station requesting (re)association is not authenticated by the responding STA.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when:
the AP receives packets with data from an associated, yet not authenticated, station.
DISASSOC_PWRCAP_BAD
10
Disassociated, because the information in the Power Capability element is unacceptable.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
DISASSOC_SUPCHAN_BAD
11
Disassociated, because the information in the Supported Channels element is unacceptable.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
BSS_TRANSITION_DISASSOC
12
AP wants us to move to another AP, sent as a part of BTM procedure. Please note that when station is sending BTM request and moving to another AP, ROAMING reason code will be reported instead of this.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
IE_INVALID
13
Invalid element, i.e., an element whose content does not meet the specifications of the Standard in frame formats clause.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when:
the AP parses a wrong WPA or RSN IE.
MIC_FAILURE
14
Message integrity code (MIC) failure.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT
15
Four-way handshake times out. For legacy reasons, in ESP this reason code is replaced with WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
the handshake times out.
it is received from the AP.
GROUP_KEY_UPDATE_TIMEOUT
16
Group-Key Handshake times out.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
IE_IN_4WAY_DIFFERS
17
The element in the four-way handshake is different from the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
the station finds that the four-way handshake IE differs from the IE in the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame.
GROUP_CIPHER_INVALID
18
Invalid group cipher.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
PAIRWISE_CIPHER_INVALID
19
Invalid pairwise cipher.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
AKMP_INVALID
20
Invalid AKMP.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
- it is received from the AP.
UNSUPP_RSN_IE_VERSION
21
Unsupported RSNE version.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
INVALID_RSN_IE_CAP
22
Invalid RSNE capabilities.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
802_1X_AUTH_FAILED
23
IEEE 802.1X. authentication failed.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when:
IEEE 802.1X. authentication fails.
CIPHER_SUITE_REJECTED
24
Cipher suite rejected due to security policies.
For the ESP station, this reason is reported when:
it is received from the AP.
TDLS_PEER_UNREACHABLE
25
TDLS direct-link teardown due to TDLS peer STA unreachable via the TDLS direct link.
TDLS_UNSPECIFIED
26
TDLS direct-link teardown for unspecified reason.
SSP_REQUESTED_DISASSOC
27
Disassociated because session terminated by SSP request.
NO_SSP_ROAMING_AGREEMENT
28
Disassociated because of lack of SSP roaming agreement.
BAD_CIPHER_OR_AKM
29
Requested service rejected because of SSP cipher suite or AKM requirement.
NOT_AUTHORIZED_THIS_LOCATION
30
Requested service not authorized in this location.
SERVICE_CHANGE_PRECLUDES_TS
31
TS deleted because QoS AP lacks sufficient bandwidth for this QoS STA due to a change in BSS service characteristics or operational mode (e.g., an HT BSS change from 40 MHz channel to 20 MHz channel).
UNSPECIFIED_QOS
32
Disassociated for unspecified, QoS-related reason.
NOT_ENOUGH_BANDWIDTH
33
Disassociated because QoS AP lacks sufficient bandwidth for this QoS STA.
MISSING_ACKS
34
Disassociated because excessive number of frames need to be acknowledged, but are not acknowledged due to AP transmissions and/or poor channel conditions.
EXCEEDED_TXOP
35
Disassociated because STA is transmitting outside the limits of its TXOPs.
STA_LEAVING
36
Requesting STA is leaving the BSS (or resetting).
END_BA
37
Requesting STA is no longer using the stream or session.
UNKNOWN_BA
38
Requesting STA received frames using a mechanism for which a setup has not been completed.
TIMEOUT
39
Requested from peer STA due to timeout
Reserved
40 ~ 45
Reserved as per IEEE80211-2020 specifications.
PEER_INITIATED
46
In a Disassociation frame: Disassociated because authorized access limit reached.
AP_INITIATED
47
In a Disassociation frame: Disassociated due to external service requirements.
INVALID_FT_ACTION_FRAME_COUNT
48
Invalid FT Action frame count.
INVALID_PMKID
49
Invalid pairwise master key identifier (PMKID).
INVALID_MDE
50
Invalid MDE.
INVALID_FTE
51
Invalid FTE
TX_LINK_EST_FAILED
67
TRANSMISSION_LINK_ESTABLISHMENT_FAILED will be reported when Transmission link establishment in alternative channel failed.
ALTERATIVE_CHANNEL_OCCUPIED
68
The alternative channel is occupied.
BEACON_TIMEOUT
200
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: when the station loses N beacons continuously, it will disrupt the connection and report this reason.
NO_AP_FOUND
201
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: when the station fails to scan the target AP, this reason code will be reported. In case of security mismatch or station's configuration mismatch, new reason codes NO_AP_FOUND_XXX will be reported.
AUTH_FAIL
202
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the authentication fails, but not because of a timeout.
ASSOC_FAIL
203
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the association fails, but not because of DISASSOC_DUE_TO_INACTIVITY or ASSOC_TOOMANY.
HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT
204
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the handshake fails for the same reason as that in WIFI_REASON_4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT.
CONNECTION_FAIL
205
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the connection to the AP has failed.
AP_TSF_RESET
206
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the disconnection happened due to AP's TSF reset.
ROAMING
207
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the station is roaming to another AP, this reason code is just for info, station will automatically move to another AP.
ASSOC_COMEBACK_TIME_TOO_LONG
208
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: This reason code will be reported when Assoc comeback time in association response is too high.
SA_QUERY_TIMEOUT
209
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: This reason code will be reported when AP did not reply of SA query sent by ESP station.
NO_AP_FOUND_SECURITY
210
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_W_COMPATIBLE_SECURITY will be reported if an AP that fits identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the connection is rejected due to incompatible security configuration. These situations could be:
The Access Point is offering WEP security, but our station's password is not WEP-compliant.
The station is configured in Open mode; however, the Access Point is broadcasting in secure mode.
The Access Point uses Enterprise security, but we haven't set up the corresponding enterprise configuration, and vice versa.
SAE-PK is configured in the station configuration, but the Access Point does not support SAE-PK.
SAE-H2E is configured in the station configuration; however, the AP only supports WPA3-PSK or WPA3-WPA2-PSK.
The station is configured in secure mode (Password or Enterprise mode); however, an Open AP is found during the scan.
SAE HnP is configured in the station configuration; however, the AP supports H2E only.
H2E is disabled in the station configuration; however, the AP is WPA3-EXT-PSK, which requires H2E support.
The Access Point requires PMF, but the station is not configured for PMF capable/required.
The station configuration requires PMF, but the AP is not configured for PMF capable/required.
The Access Point is using unsupported group management/pairwise ciphers.
OWE is not enabled in the station configuration, but the discovered AP is using OWE only mode.
The Access Point is broadcasting an invalid RSNXE in its beacons.
The Access Point is in Independent BSS mode.
NO_AP_FOUND_AUTHMODE
211
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_IN_AUTHMODE_THRESHOLD will be reported if an AP that fit identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the authmode threhsold set in the wifi_config_t is not met.
NO_AP_FOUND_RSSI
212
Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD will be reported if an AP that fits identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the RSSI threhsold set in the wifi_config_t is not met.
The station may disconnect due to many reasons, e.g., the connected AP is restarted. It is the application's responsibility to reconnect. The recommended reconnection strategy is to call esp_wifi_connect() on receiving event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.
Sometimes the application needs more complex reconnection strategy:
If the disconnect event is raised because the esp_wifi_disconnect() is called, the application may not want to do the reconnection.
Another thing that need to be considered is that the reconnection may not connect the same AP if there are more than one APs with the same SSID. The reconnection always select current best APs to connect.
The beacon timeout mechanism is used by ESP32-C5 station to detect whether the AP is alive or not. If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens. The application can set inactive time via API esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().
After the beacon times out, the station sends 5 probe requests to the AP. If still no probe response or beacon is received from AP, the station disconnects from the AP and raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.
It should be considered that the timer used for beacon timeout will be reset during the scanning process. It means that the scan process will affect the triggering of the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT.
NULL mode: in this mode, the internal data struct is not allocated to the station and the AP, while both the station and AP interfaces are not initialized for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Generally, this mode is used for Sniffer, or when you only want to stop both the station and the AP without calling esp_wifi_deinit() to unload the whole Wi-Fi driver.
WIFI_MODE_STA
Station mode: in this mode, esp_wifi_start() will init the internal station data, while the station’s interface is ready for the RX and TX Wi-Fi data. After esp_wifi_connect(), the station will connect to the target AP.
WIFI_MODE_AP
AP mode: in this mode, esp_wifi_start() will init the internal AP data, while the AP’s interface is ready for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Then, the Wi-Fi driver starts broad-casting beacons, and the AP is ready to get connected to other stations.
WIFI_MODE_APSTA
Station/AP coexistence mode: in this mode, esp_wifi_start() will simultaneously initialize both the station and the AP. This is done in station mode and AP mode. Please note that the channel of the external AP, which the ESP station is connected to, has higher priority over the ESP AP channel.
API esp_wifi_set_config() can be used to configure the station. And the configuration will be stored in NVS. The table below describes the fields in detail.
Field
Description
ssid
This is the SSID of the target AP, to which the station wants to connect.
password
Password of the target AP.
scan_method
For WIFI_FAST_SCAN scan, the scan ends when the first matched AP is found. For WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN, the scan finds all matched APs on all channels. The default scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN.
bssid_set
If bssid_set is 0, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the field “ssid”, while the field “bssid” is ignored. In all other cases, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the “ssid” field, while its BSSID is the same the “bssid” field .
bssid
This is valid only when bssid_set is 1; see field “bssid_set”.
channel
If the channel is 0, the station scans the channel 1 ~ N to search for the target AP; otherwise, the station starts by scanning the channel whose value is the same as that of the “channel” field, and then scans the channel 1 ~ N but skip the specific channel to find the target AP. For example, if the channel is 3, the scan order will be 3, 1, 2, 4,..., N. If you do not know which channel the target AP is running on, set it to 0.
sort_method
This field is only for WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN.
If the sort_method is WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SIGNAL, all matched APs are sorted by signal, and the AP with the best signal will be connected firstly. For example, the station wants to connect an AP whose SSID is “apxx”. If the scan finds two APs whose SSID equals to “apxx”, and the first AP’s signal is -90 dBm while the second AP’s signal is -30 dBm, the station connects the second AP firstly, and it would not connect the first one unless it fails to connect the second one.
If the sort_method is WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SECURITY, all matched APs are sorted by security. For example, the station wants to connect an AP whose SSID is “apxx”. If the scan finds two APs whose SSID is “apxx”, and the security of the first found AP is open while the second one is WPA2, the station connects to the second AP firstly, and it would not connect the first one unless it fails to connect the second one.
threshold
The threshold is used to filter the found AP. If the RSSI or security mode is less than the configured threshold, the AP will be discarded.
If the RSSI is set to 0, it means the default threshold and the default RSSI threshold are -127 dBm. If the authmode threshold is set to 0, it means the default threshold and the default authmode threshold are open.
Attention
WEP/WPA security modes are deprecated in IEEE 802.11-2016 specifications and are recommended not to be used. These modes can be rejected using authmode threshold by setting threshold as WPA2 by threshold.authmode as WIFI_AUTH_WPA2_PSK.
API esp_wifi_set_config() can be used to configure the AP. And the configuration will be stored in NVS. The table below describes the fields in detail.
Call esp_wifi_set_country() to set the country info. The table below describes the fields in detail. Please consult local 2.4 GHz RF operating regulations before configuring these fields.
Field
Description
cc[3]
Country code string. This attribute identifies the country or noncountry entity in which the station/AP is operating. If it is a country, the first two octets of this string is the two-character country info as described in the document ISO/IEC3166-1. The third octet is one of the following:
an ASCII space character, which means the regulations under which the station/AP is operating encompass all environments for the current frequency band in the country.
an ASCII ‘O’ character, which means the regulations under which the station/AP is operating are for an outdoor environment only.
an ASCII ‘I’ character, which means the regulations under which the station/AP is operating are for an indoor environment only.
an ASCII ‘X’ character, which means the station/AP is operating under a noncountry entity. The first two octets of the noncountry entity is two ASCII ‘XX’ characters.
the binary representation of the Operating Class table number currently in use. Refer to Annex E of IEEE Std 802.11-2020.
schan
Start channel. It is the minimum channel number of the regulations under which the station/AP can operate.
nchan
Total number of channels as per the regulations. For example, if the schan=1, nchan=13, then the station/AP can send data from channel 1 to 13.
policy
Country policy. This field controls which country info will be used if the configured country info is in conflict with the connected AP’s. For more details on related policies, see the following section.
If the Wi-Fi Mode is station/AP coexist mode, they share the same configured country info. Sometimes, the country info of AP, to which the station is connected, is different from the country info of configured. For example, the configured station has country info:
The following table depicts which country info is used in different Wi-Fi modes and different country policies, and it also describes the impact on active scan.
Wi-Fi Mode
Policy
Description
Station
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO
If the connected AP has country IE in its beacon, the country info equals to the country info in beacon. Otherwise, use the default country info.
For scan:
Use active scan from 1 to 11 and use passive scan from 12 to 14.
Always keep in mind that if an AP with hidden SSID and station is set to a passive scan channel, the passive scan will not find it. In other words, if the application hopes to find the AP with hidden SSID in every channel, the policy of country info should be configured to WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL.
Station
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL
Always use the configured country info.
For scan:
Use active scan from schan to schan+nchan-1.
AP
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO
Always use the configured country info.
AP
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL
Always use the configured country info.
Station/AP-coexistence
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO
Station: Same as station mode with policy WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO.
AP: If the station does not connect to any external AP, the AP uses the configured country info. If the station connects to an external AP, the AP has the same country info as the station.
Station/AP-coexistence
WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL
Station: Same as station mode with policy WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL.
AP: Same as AP mode with policy WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL.
In AP mode, the home channel is defined as the AP channel. In station mode, home channel is defined as the channel of AP which the station is connected to. In station/AP-coexistence mode, the home channel of AP and station must be the same, and if they are different, the station's home channel is always in priority. For example, assume that the AP is on channel 6, and the station connects to an AP whose channel is 9. Since the station's home channel has higher priority, the AP needs to switch its channel from 6 to 9 to make sure that it has the same home channel as the station. While switching channel, the ESP32-C5 in AP mode will notify the connected stations about the channel migration using a Channel Switch Announcement (CSA). Station that supports channel switching will transit without disconnecting and reconnecting to the AP.
By default, all Wi-Fi management frames are processed by the Wi-Fi driver, and the application can ignore them. However, some applications may have to handle the beacon, probe request, probe response, and other management frames. For example, if you insert some vendor-specific IE into the management frames, it is only the management frames which contain this vendor-specific IE that will be processed. In ESP32-C5, esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie() and esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie_cb() are responsible for this kind of tasks.
Wi-Fi Easy ConnectTM (or Device Provisioning Protocol) is a secure and standardized provisioning protocol for configuring Wi-Fi devices. More information can be found in esp_dpp.
WPA2-Enterprise is the secure authentication mechanism for enterprise wireless networks. It uses RADIUS server for authentication of network users before connecting to the Access Point. The authentication process is based on 802.1X policy and comes with different Extended Authentication Protocol (EAP) methods such as TLS, TTLS, and PEAP. RADIUS server authenticates the users based on their credentials (username and password), digital certificates, or both. When ESP32-C5 in station mode tries to connect an AP in enterprise mode, it sends authentication request to AP which is sent to RADIUS server by AP for authenticating the station. Based on different EAP methods, the parameters can be set in configuration which can be opened using idf.pymenuconfig. WPA2_Enterprise is supported by ESP32-C5 only in station mode.
For establishing a secure connection, AP and station negotiate and agree on the best possible cipher suite to be used. ESP32-C5 supports 802.1X/EAP (WPA) method of AKM and Advanced encryption standard with Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication protocol (AES-CCM) cipher suite. It also supports the cipher suites supported by mbedtls if USE_MBEDTLS_CRYPTO flag is set.
ESP32-C5 currently supports the following EAP methods:
EAP-TLS: This is a certificate-based method and only requires SSID and EAP-IDF.
PEAP: This is a Protected EAP method. Username and Password are mandatory.
EAP-TTLS: This is a credential-based method. Only server authentication is mandatory while user authentication is optional. Username and Password are mandatory. It supports different Phase2 methods, such as:
EAP-FAST: This is an authentication method based on Protected Access Credentials (PAC) which also uses identity and password. Currently, USE_MBEDTLS_CRYPTO flag should be disabled to use this feature.
Detailed information on creating certificates and how to run wpa2_enterprise example on ESP32-C5 can be found in wifi/wifi_enterprise.
Wireless Network Management allows client devices to exchange information about the network topology, including information related to RF environment. This makes each client network-aware, facilitating overall improvement in the performance of the wireless network. It is part of 802.11v specification. It also enables the client to support Network assisted Roaming.
- Network assisted Roaming: Enables WLAN to send messages to associated clients, resulting clients to associate with APs with better link metrics. This is useful for both load balancing and in directing poorly connected clients.
Current implementation of 802.11v includes support for BSS transition management frames.
Radio Resource Measurement (802.11k) is intended to improve the way traffic is distributed within a network. In a WLAN, each device normally connects to the access point (AP) that provides the strongest signal. Depending on the number and geographic locations of the subscribers, this arrangement can sometimes lead to excessive demand on one AP and underutilization of others, resulting in degradation of overall network performance. In a network conforming to 802.11k, if the AP having the strongest signal is loaded to its full capacity, a wireless device can be moved to one of the underutilized APs. Even though the signal may be weaker, the overall throughput is greater because more efficient use is made of the network resources.
Current implementation of 802.11k includes support for beacon measurement report, link measurement report, and neighbor request.
Refer ESP-IDF example examples/wifi/roaming/README.md to set up and use these APIs. Example code only demonstrates how these APIs can be used, and the application should define its own algorithm and cases as required.
Fast BSS transition (802.11R FT), is a standard to permit continuous connectivity aboard wireless devices in motion, with fast and secure client transitions from one Basic Service Set (abbreviated BSS, and also known as a base station or more colloquially, an access point) to another performed in a nearly seamless manner avoiding 802.1i 4 way handshake . 802.11R specifies transitions between access points by redefining the security key negotiation protocol, allowing both the negotiation and requests for wireless resources to occur in parallel. The key derived from the server to be cached in the wireless network, so that a reasonable number of future connections can be based on the cached key, avoiding the 802.1X process
ESP32-C5 station supports FT for WPA2-PSK networks. Do note that ESP32-C5 station only support FT over the air protocol only.
Distance measurement using RTT is not accurate, and factors such as RF interference, multi-path travel, antenna orientation, and lack of calibration increase these inaccuracies. For better results, it is suggested to perform FTM between two ESP32 chip series devices as station and AP.
This subsection will briefly introduce the concepts and usage related to Wi-Fi Power Saving Mode, for a more detailed introduction please refer to the Low Power Mode User Guide
Currently, ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi supports the Modem-sleep mode which refers to the legacy power-saving mode in the IEEE 802.11 protocol. Modem-sleep mode works in station-only mode and the station must connect to the AP first. If the Modem-sleep mode is enabled, station will switch between active and sleep state periodically. In sleep state, RF, PHY and BB are turned off in order to reduce power consumption. Station can keep connection with AP in modem-sleep mode.
Modem-sleep mode includes minimum and maximum power-saving modes. In minimum power-saving mode, station wakes up every DTIM to receive beacon. Broadcast data will not be lost because it is transmitted after DTIM. However, it cannot save much more power if DTIM is short for DTIM is determined by AP.
In maximum power-saving mode, station wakes up in every listen interval to receive beacon. This listen interval can be set to be longer than the AP DTIM period. Broadcast data may be lost because station may be in sleep state at DTIM time. If listen interval is longer, more power is saved, but broadcast data is more easy to lose. Listen interval can be configured by calling API esp_wifi_set_config() before connecting to AP.
Call esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM) to enable Modem-sleep minimum power-saving mode or esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MAX_MODEM) to enable Modem-sleep maximum power-saving mode after calling esp_wifi_init(). When station connects to AP, Modem-sleep will start. When station disconnects from AP, Modem-sleep will stop.
Call esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_NONE) to disable Modem-sleep mode entirely. Disabling it increases power consumption, but minimizes the delay in receiving Wi-Fi data in real time. When Modem-sleep mode is enabled, the delay in receiving Wi-Fi data may be the same as the DTIM cycle (minimum power-saving mode) or the listening interval (maximum power-saving mode).
The default Modem-sleep mode is WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM.
Currently, ESP32-C5 AP does not support all of the power-saving feature defined in Wi-Fi specification. To be specific, the AP only caches unicast data for the stations connect to this AP, but does not cache the multicast data for the stations. If stations connected to the ESP32-C5 AP are power-saving enabled, they may experience multicast packet loss.
In the future, all power-saving features will be supported on ESP32-C5 AP.
Currently, ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi supports sleep mode in disconnected state if running at station mode. This feature could be configured by Menuconfig choice CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STA_DISCONNECTED_PM_ENABLE.
If CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STA_DISCONNECTED_PM_ENABLE is enabled, RF, PHY and BB would be turned off in disconnected state when IDLE. The current would be same with current at modem-sleep.
Connectionless modules are those Wi-Fi modules not relying on Wi-Fi connection, e.g ESP-NOW, DPP, FTM. These modules start from esp_wifi_start(), working until esp_wifi_stop().
Currently, if ESP-NOW works at station mode, its supported to sleep at both connected state and disconnected state.
If Interval is ESP_WIFI_CONNECTIONLESS_INTERVAL_DEFAULT_MODE with non-zero Window, Connectionless Modules Power-saving would work in default mode.
In default mode, RF, PHY, BB would be kept on if no coexistence with non-Wi-Fi protocol.
With coexistence, RF, PHY, BB resources are allocated by coexistence module to Wi-Fi connectionless module and non-Wi-Fi module, using time-division method. In default mode, Wi-Fi connectionless module is allowed to use RF, BB, PHY periodically under a stable performance.
Its recommended to configure Connectionless Modules Power-saving to default mode if there is Wi-Fi connectionless module coexists with non-Wi-Fi module.
Either esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true), or esp_wifi_start(), or both of these APIs return ESP_OK. This is because Wi-Fi hardware must be initialized before esp_wifi_80211_tx() is called. In ESP32-C5, both esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true) and esp_wifi_start() can trigger the initialization of Wi-Fi hardware.
Theoretically, if the side-effects the API imposes on the Wi-Fi driver or other stations/APs are not considered, a raw 802.11 packet can be sent over the air with any destination MAC, any source MAC, any BSSID, or any other types of packet. However, robust or useful applications should avoid such side-effects. The table below provides some tips and recommendations on how to avoid the side-effects of esp_wifi_80211_tx() in different scenarios.
Scenario
Description
No Wi-Fi connection
In this scenario, no Wi-Fi connection is set up, so there are no side-effects on the Wi-Fi driver. If en_sys_seq==true, the Wi-Fi driver is responsible for the sequence control. If en_sys_seq==false, the application needs to ensure that the buffer has the correct sequence.
Theoretically, the MAC address can be any address. However, this may impact other stations/APs with the same MAC/BSSID.
Side-effect example#1 The application calls esp_wifi_80211_tx() to send a beacon with BSSID == mac_x in AP mode, but the mac_x is not the MAC of the AP interface. Moreover, there is another AP, e.g., “other-AP”, whose BSSID is mac_x. If this happens, an “unexpected behavior” may occur, because the stations which connect to the “other-AP” cannot figure out whether the beacon is from the “other-AP” or the esp_wifi_80211_tx().
To avoid the above-mentioned side-effects, it is recommended that:
If esp_wifi_80211_tx() is called in station mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the station interface.
If esp_wifi_80211_tx() is called in AP mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the AP interface.
The recommendations above are only for avoiding side-effects and can be ignored when there are good reasons.
Have Wi-Fi connection
When the Wi-Fi connection is already set up, and the sequence is controlled by the application, the latter may impact the sequence control of the Wi-Fi connection as a whole. So, the en_sys_seq need to be true, otherwise ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG is returned.
The MAC-address recommendations in the “No Wi-Fi connection” scenario also apply to this scenario.
If the Wi-Fi mode is station mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of AP to which the station is connected, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of station interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the station to AP. Otherwise, if the Wi-Fi is in AP mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of the station that connects to this AP, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of AP interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the AP to station. To avoid conflicting with Wi-Fi connections, the following checks are applied:
If the packet type is data and is sent from the station to AP, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 1 and the FromDS bit should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.
If the packet type is data and is sent from the AP to station, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 0 and the FromDS bit should be 1. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.
If the packet is sent from station to AP or from AP to station, the Power Management, More Data, and Re-Transmission bits should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG is returned if any check fails.
The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled by esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(). If the sniffer mode is enabled, the following packets can be dumped to the application:
802.11 Management frame.
802.11 Data frame, including MPDU, AMPDU, and AMSDU.
802.11 MIMO frame, for MIMO frame, the sniffer only dumps the length of the frame.
802.11 Control frame.
802.11 CRC error frame.
The following packets will NOT be dumped to the application:
Other 802.11 error frames.
For frames that the sniffer can dump, the application can additionally decide which specific type of packets can be filtered to the application by using esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter() and esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_ctrl_filter(). By default, it will filter all 802.11 data and management frames to the application. If you want to filter the 802.11 control frames, the filter parameter in esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter() should include WIFI_PROMIS_FILTER_MASK_CTRL type, and if you want to differentiate control frames further, then call esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_ctrl_filter().
The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled in the Wi-Fi mode of WIFI_MODE_NULL, WIFI_MODE_STA, WIFI_MODE_AP, or WIFI_MODE_APSTA. In other words, the sniffer mode is active when the station is connected to the AP, or when the AP has a Wi-Fi connection. Please note that the sniffer has a great impact on the throughput of the station or AP Wi-Fi connection. Generally, the sniffer should be enabled only if the station/AP Wi-Fi connection does not experience heavy traffic.
Another noteworthy issue about the sniffer is the callback wifi_promiscuous_cb_t. The callback will be called directly in the Wi-Fi driver task, so if the application has a lot of work to do for each filtered packet, the recommendation is to post an event to the application task in the callback and defer the real work to the application task.
Channel state information (CSI) refers to the channel information of a Wi-Fi connection. In ESP32-C5, this information consists of channel frequency responses of sub-carriers and is estimated when packets are received from the transmitter. Each channel frequency response of sub-carrier is recorded by two bytes of signed characters. The first one is imaginary part and the second one is real part. There are up to three fields of channel frequency responses according to the type of received packet. They are legacy long training field (LLTF), high throughput LTF (HT-LTF), and space time block code HT-LTF (STBC-HT-LTF). For different types of packets which are received on channels with different state, the sub-carrier index and total bytes of signed characters of CSI are shown in the following table.
channel
secondary channel
none
below
above
packet
information
signal mode
non HT
HT
non HT
HT
non HT
HT
channel bandwidth
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
40 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
40 MHz
STBC
non STBC
non STBC
STBC
non STBC
non STBC
STBC
non STBC
STBC
non STBC
non STBC
STBC
non STBC
STBC
sub-carrier
index
LLTF
0~31, -32~-1
0~31, -32~-1
0~31, -32~-1
0~63
0~63
0~63
0~63
0~63
-64~-1
-64~-1
-64~-1
-64~-1
-64~-1
HT-LTF
0~31, -32~-1
0~31, -32~-1
0~63
0~62
0~63, -64~-1
0~60, -60~-1
-64~-1
-62~-1
0~63, -64~-1
0~60, -60~-1
STBC-HT-LTF
0~31, -32~-1
0~62
0~60, -60~-1
-62~-1
0~60, -60~-1
total bytes
128
256
384
128
256
380
384
612
128
256
376
384
612
All of the information in the table can be found in the structure wifi_csi_info_t.
Secondary channel refers to secondary_channel field of rx_ctrl field.
Signal mode of packet refers to sig_mode field of rx_ctrl field.
Channel bandwidth refers to cwb field of rx_ctrl field.
STBC refers to stbc field of rx_ctrl field.
Total bytes refers to len field.
The CSI data corresponding to each Long Training Field (LTF) type is stored in a buffer starting from the buf field. Each item is stored as two bytes: imaginary part followed by real part. The order of each item is the same as the sub-carrier in the table. The order of LTF is: LLTF, HT-LTF, STBC-HT-LTF. However, all 3 LTFs may not be present, depending on the channel and packet information (see above).
If first_word_invalid field of wifi_csi_info_t is true, it means that the first four bytes of CSI data is invalid due to a hardware limitation in ESP32-C5.
More information like RSSI, noise floor of RF, receiving time and antenna is in the rx_ctrl field.
When imaginary part and real part data of sub-carrier are used, please refer to the table below.
PHY standard
Sub-carrier range
Pilot sub-carrier
Sub-carrier (total/data)
802.11a/g
-26 to +26
-21, -7, +7, +21
52 total, 48 usable
802.11n, 20 MHz
-28 to +28
-21, -7, +7, +21
56 total, 52 usable
802.11n, 40 MHz
-57 to +57
-53, -25, -11, +11, +25, +53
114 total, 108 usable
Note
For STBC packet, CSI is provided for every space-time stream without CSD (cyclic shift delay). As each cyclic shift on the additional chains shall be -200 ns, only the CSD angle of first space-time stream is recorded in sub-carrier 0 of HT-LTF and STBC-HT-LTF for there is no channel frequency response in sub-carrier 0. CSD[10:0] is 11 bits, ranging from -pi to pi.
If LLTF, HT-LTF, or STBC-HT-LTF is not enabled by calling API esp_wifi_set_csi_config(), the total bytes of CSI data will be fewer than that in the table. For example, if LLTF and HT-LTF is not enabled and STBC-HT-LTF is enabled, when a packet is received with the condition above/HT/40MHz/STBC, the total bytes of CSI data is 244 ((61 + 60) * 2 + 2 = 244. The result is aligned to four bytes, and the last two bytes are invalid).
The CSI receiving callback function runs from Wi-Fi task. So, do not do lengthy operations in the callback function. Instead, post necessary data to a queue and handle it from a lower priority task. Because station does not receive any packet when it is disconnected and only receives packets from AP when it is connected, it is suggested to enable sniffer mode to receive more CSI data by calling esp_wifi_set_promiscuous().
ESP32-C5 supports all the mandatory features required in WFA Wi-Fi QoS Certification.
Four ACs (Access Category) are defined in Wi-Fi specification, and each AC has its own priority to access the Wi-Fi channel. Moreover, a map rule is defined to map the QoS priority of other protocol, e.g., 802.11D or TCP/IP precedence is mapped to Wi-Fi AC.
The table below describes how the IP Precedences are mapped to Wi-Fi ACs in ESP32-C5. It also indicates whether the AMPDU is supported for this AC. The table is sorted from high to low priority. That is to say, the AC_VO has the highest priority.
IP Precedence
Wi-Fi AC
Support AMPDU?
6, 7
AC_VO (Voice)
No
4, 5
AC_VI (Video)
Yes
3, 0
AC_BE (Best Effort)
Yes
1, 2
AC_BK (Background)
Yes
The application can make use of the QoS feature by configuring the IP precedence via socket option IP_TOS. Here is an example to make the socket to use VI queue:
Theoretically, the higher priority AC has better performance than the lower priority AC. However, it is not always true. Here are some suggestions about how to use the Wi-Fi QoS:
Some really important application traffic can be put into the AC_VO queue. But avoid using the AC_VO queue for heavy traffic, as it may impact the management frames which also use this queue. Eventually, it is worth noting that the AC_VO queue does not support AMPDU, and its performance with heavy traffic is no better than other queues.
Avoid using more than two precedences supported by different AMPDUs, e.g., when socket A uses precedence 0, socket B uses precedence 1, and socket C uses precedence 2. This can be a bad design because it may need much more memory. To be specific, the Wi-Fi driver may generate a Block Ack session for each precedence and it needs more memory if the Block Ack session is set up.
ESP32-C5 supports receiving and transmitting AMSDU. AMSDU TX is disabled by default, since enable AMSDU TX need more memory. Select CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_AMSDU_TX_ENABLED to enable AMSDU Tx feature, it depends on CONFIG_SPIRAM.
In order to get a high-performance system, consider the memory usage/configuration carefully for the following reasons:
the available memory in ESP32-C5 is limited.
currently, the default type of buffer in LwIP and Wi-Fi drivers is "dynamic", which means that both the LwIP and Wi-Fi share memory with the application. Programmers should always keep this in mind; otherwise, they will face a memory issue, such as "running out of heap memory".
it is very dangerous to run out of heap memory, as this will cause ESP32-C5 an "undefined behavior". Thus, enough heap memory should be reserved for the application, so that it never runs out of it.
the Wi-Fi throughput heavily depends on memory-related configurations, such as the TCP window size and Wi-Fi RX/TX dynamic buffer number.
the peak heap memory that the ESP32-C5 LwIP/Wi-Fi may consume depends on a number of factors, such as the maximum TCP/UDP connections that the application may have.
the total memory that the application requires is also an important factor when considering memory configuration.
Due to these reasons, there is not a good-for-all application configuration. Rather, it is recommended to consider memory configurations separately for every different application.
The default type of buffer in Wi-Fi drivers is "dynamic". Most of the time the dynamic buffer can significantly save memory. However, it makes the application programming a little more difficult, because in this case the application needs to consider memory usage in Wi-Fi.
The Wi-Fi driver supports several types of buffer (refer to Wi-Fi Buffer Configure). However, this section is about the usage of the dynamic Wi-Fi buffer only.
The peak heap memory that Wi-Fi consumes is the theoretically-maximum memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes. Generally, the peak memory depends on:
\(b_{rx}\) the number of dynamic RX buffers that are configured
\(b_{tx}\) the number of dynamic TX buffers that are configured
\(m_{rx}\) the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can receive
\(m_{tx}\) the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can send
So, the peak memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes (\(p\)) can be calculated with the following formula:
\[p = (b_{rx} * m_{rx}) + (b_{tx} * m_{tx})\]
Generally, the dynamic TX long buffers and dynamic TX long long buffers can be ignored, because they are management frames which only have a small impact on the system.
The performance of ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi is affected by many parameters, and there are mutual constraints between each parameter. A proper configuration cannot only improve performance, but also increase available memory for applications and improve stability.
This section briefly explains the operating mode of the Wi-Fi/LwIP protocol stack and the role of each parameter. It also gives several recommended configuration ranks to help choose the appropriate rank according to the usage scenario.
The ESP32-C5 protocol stack is divided into four layers: Application, LwIP, Wi-Fi, and Hardware.
During receiving, hardware puts the received packet into DMA buffer, and then transfers it into the RX buffer of Wi-Fi and LwIP in turn for related protocol processing, and finally to the application layer. The Wi-Fi RX buffer and the LwIP RX buffer shares the same buffer by default. In other words, the Wi-Fi forwards the packet to LwIP by reference by default.
During sending, the application copies the messages to be sent into the TX buffer of the LwIP layer for TCP/IP encapsulation. The messages will then be passed to the TX buffer of the Wi-Fi layer for MAC encapsulation and wait to be sent.
Increasing the size or number of the buffers mentioned above properly can improve Wi-Fi performance. Meanwhile, it will reduce available memory to the application. The following is an introduction to the parameters that users need to configure:
This parameter indicates the number of DMA buffer at the hardware layer. Increasing this parameter will increase the sender's one-time receiving throughput, thereby improving the Wi-Fi protocol stack ability to handle burst traffic.
This parameter indicates the number of RX buffer in the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet reception. This parameter needs to match the RX buffer size of the LwIP layer.
This parameter represents the RX buffer size of the LwIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM (KB) to reach a high and stable performance. Meanwhile, in case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.
This parameter indicates the number of TX buffer on the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet sending. The parameter value needs to match the TX buffer size of the LwIP layer.
This parameter represents the TX buffer size of the LwIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM (KB) to reach a high and stable performance. In case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.
Throughput optimization by placing code in IRAM:
Note
The buffer size mentioned above is fixed as 1.6 KB.
The memory of ESP32-C5 is shared by protocol stack and applications.
Here, several configuration ranks are given. In most cases, the user should select a suitable rank for parameter configuration according to the size of the memory occupied by the application.
The parameters not mentioned in the following table should be set to the default.
PSRAM is generally used when the application takes up a lot of memory. In this mode, the CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_TX_BUFFER is forced to be static. CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STATIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM indicates the number of DMA buffers at the hardware layer, and increasing this parameter can improve performance.
The following are the recommended ranks for using PSRAM:
If you are going to modify the default number or type of buffer, it would be helpful to also have an overview of how the buffer is allocated/freed in the data path. The following diagram shows this process in the TX direction:
The application allocates the data which needs to be sent out.
The application calls TCPIP-/Socket-related APIs to send the user data. These APIs will allocate a PBUF used in LwIP, and make a copy of the user data.
When LwIP calls a Wi-Fi API to send the PBUF, the Wi-Fi API will allocate a "Dynamic Tx Buffer" or "Static Tx Buffer", make a copy of the LwIP PBUF, and finally send the data.
The following diagram shows how buffer is allocated/freed in the RX direction:
The Wi-Fi hardware receives a packet over the air and puts the packet content to the "Static Rx Buffer", which is also called "RX DMA Buffer".
The Wi-Fi driver allocates a "Dynamic Rx Buffer", makes a copy of the "Static Rx Buffer", and returns the "Static Rx Buffer" to hardware.
The Wi-Fi driver delivers the packet to the upper-layer (LwIP), and allocates a PBUF for holding the "Dynamic Rx Buffer".
The application receives data from LwIP.
The diagram shows the configuration of the Wi-Fi internal buffer.
Buffer Type
Alloc Type
Default
Configurable
Description
Static RX Buffer (Hardware RX Buffer)
Static
10 * 1600 Bytes
Yes
This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in esp_wifi_init() and freed in esp_wifi_deinit(). The ‘Static Rx Buffer’ forms the hardware receiving list. Upon receiving a frame over the air, hardware writes the frame into the buffer and raises an interrupt to the CPU. Then, the Wi-Fi driver reads the content from the buffer and returns the buffer back to the list.
If needs be, the application can reduce the memory statically allocated by Wi-Fi. It can reduce this value from 10 to 6 to save 6400 Bytes of memory. It is not recommended to reduce the configuration to a value less than 6 unless the AMPDU feature is disabled.
Dynamic RX Buffer
Dynamic
32
Yes
The buffer length is variable and it depends on the received frames’ length. When the Wi-Fi driver receives a frame from the ‘Hardware Rx Buffer’, the ‘Dynamic Rx Buffer’ needs to be allocated from the heap. The number of the Dynamic Rx Buffer, configured in the menuconfig, is used to limit the total un-freed Dynamic Rx Buffer number.
Dynamic TX Buffer
Dynamic
32
Yes
This is a kind of DMA memory. It is allocated to the heap. When the upper-layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Dynamic TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer.
The Dynamic and Static TX Buffers are mutually exclusive.
Static TX Buffer
Static
16 * 1600Bytes
Yes
This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in esp_wifi_init() and freed in esp_wifi_deinit(). When the upper-layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Static TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer.
The Dynamic and Static TX Buffer are mutually exclusive.
The TX buffer must be a DMA buffer. For this reason, if PSRAM is enabled, the TX buffer must be static.
If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled, all Wi-Fi configurations set via the Wi-Fi APIs will be stored into flash, and the Wi-Fi driver will start up with these configurations the next time it powers on/reboots. However, the application can choose to disable the Wi-Fi NVS flash if it does not need to store the configurations into persistent memory, or has its own persistent storage, or simply due to debugging reasons, etc.
