Fatal Errors¶

Overview¶

In certain situations, execution of the program can not be continued in a well defined way. In ESP-IDF, these situations include:

CPU Exceptions: Illegal Instruction, Load/Store Alignment Error, Load/Store Prohibited error, Double Exception.
System level checks and safeguards:
- Interrupt watchdog timeout
- Task watchdog timeout (only fatal if CONFIG_ESP_TASK_WDT_PANIC is set)
- Cache access error
- Brownout detection event
- Stack overflow
- Stack smashing protection check
- Heap integrity check
- Undefined behavior sanitizer (UBSAN) checks
Failed assertions, via assert, configASSERT and similar macros.

This guide explains the procedure used in ESP-IDF for handling these errors, and provides suggestions on troubleshooting the errors.

Panic Handler¶

Every error cause listed in the Overview will be handled by panic handler.

Panic handler will start by printing the cause of the error to the console. For CPU exceptions, the message will be similar to

Guru Meditation Error: Core 0 panic'ed (IllegalInstruction). Exception was unhandled.

For some of the system level checks (interrupt watchdog, cache access error), the message will be similar to

Guru Meditation Error: Core 0 panic'ed (Cache disabled but cached memory region accessed). Exception was unhandled.

In all cases, error cause will be printed in parentheses. See Guru Meditation Errors for a list of possible error causes.

Subsequent behavior of the panic handler can be set using CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC configuration choice. The available options are:

Print registers and reboot (CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_PRINT_REBOOT) — default option.

This will print register values at the point of the exception, print the backtrace, and restart the chip.
Print registers and halt (CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_PRINT_HALT)

Similar to the above option, but halt instead of rebooting. External reset is required to restart the program.
Silent reboot (CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_SILENT_REBOOT)

Don’t print registers or backtrace, restart the chip immediately.
Invoke GDB Stub (CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_GDBSTUB)

Start GDB server which can communicate with GDB over console UART port. See GDB Stub for more details.

Behavior of panic handler is affected by two other configuration options.

If CONFIG_ESP32_DEBUG_OCDAWARE is enabled (which is the default), panic handler will detect whether a JTAG debugger is connected. If it is, execution will be halted and control will be passed to the debugger. In this case registers and backtrace are not dumped to the console, and GDBStub / Core Dump functions are not used.
If Core Dump feature is enabled, then system state (task stacks and registers) will be dumped either to Flash or UART, for later analysis.
If CONFIG_ESP_PANIC_HANDLER_IRAM is disabled (disabled by default), the panic handler code is placed in flash memory not IRAM. This means that if ESP-IDF crashes while flash cache is disabled, the panic handler will automatically re-enable flash cache before running GDB Stub or Core Dump. This adds some minor risk, if the flash cache status is also corrupted during the crash.

If this option is enabled, the panic handler code (including required UART functions) is placed in IRAM. This may be necessary to debug some complex issues with crashes while flash cache is disabled (for example, when writing to SPI flash) or when flash cache is corrupted when an exception is triggered.

The following diagram illustrates panic handler behavior:

Panic Handler Flowchart (click to enlarge)¶

Register Dump and Backtrace¶

Unless CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_SILENT_REBOOT option is enabled, panic handler prints some of the CPU registers, and the backtrace, to the console

Core 0 register dump:
PC      : 0x400e14ed  PS      : 0x00060030  A0      : 0x800d0805  A1      : 0x3ffb5030
A2      : 0x00000000  A3      : 0x00000001  A4      : 0x00000001  A5      : 0x3ffb50dc
A6      : 0x00000000  A7      : 0x00000001  A8      : 0x00000000  A9      : 0x3ffb5000
A10     : 0x00000000  A11     : 0x3ffb2bac  A12     : 0x40082d1c  A13     : 0x06ff1ff8
A14     : 0x3ffb7078  A15     : 0x00000000  SAR     : 0x00000014  EXCCAUSE: 0x0000001d
EXCVADDR: 0x00000000  LBEG    : 0x4000c46c  LEND    : 0x4000c477  LCOUNT  : 0xffffffff

Backtrace: 0x400e14ed:0x3ffb5030 0x400d0802:0x3ffb5050

Register values printed are the register values in the exception frame, i.e. values at the moment when CPU exception or other fatal error has occured.

Register dump is not printed if the panic handler was executed as a result of an abort() call.

In some cases, such as interrupt watchdog timeout, panic handler may print additional CPU registers (EPC1-EPC4) and the registers/backtrace of the code running on the other CPU.

Backtrace line contains PC:SP pairs, where PC is the Program Counter and SP is Stack Pointer, for each stack frame of the current task. If a fatal error happens inside an ISR, the backtrace may include PC:SP pairs both from the task which was interrupted, and from the ISR.

If IDF Monitor is used, Program Counter values will be converted to code locations (function name, file name, and line number), and the output will be annotated with additional lines

Core 0 register dump:
PC      : 0x400e14ed  PS      : 0x00060030  A0      : 0x800d0805  A1      : 0x3ffb5030
0x400e14ed: app_main at /Users/user/esp/example/main/main.cpp:36

A2      : 0x00000000  A3      : 0x00000001  A4      : 0x00000001  A5      : 0x3ffb50dc
A6      : 0x00000000  A7      : 0x00000001  A8      : 0x00000000  A9      : 0x3ffb5000
A10     : 0x00000000  A11     : 0x3ffb2bac  A12     : 0x40082d1c  A13     : 0x06ff1ff8
0x40082d1c: _calloc_r at /Users/user/esp/esp-idf/components/newlib/syscalls.c:51

A14     : 0x3ffb7078  A15     : 0x00000000  SAR     : 0x00000014  EXCCAUSE: 0x0000001d
EXCVADDR: 0x00000000  LBEG    : 0x4000c46c  LEND    : 0x4000c477  LCOUNT  : 0xffffffff

Backtrace: 0x400e14ed:0x3ffb5030 0x400d0802:0x3ffb5050
0x400e14ed: app_main at /Users/user/esp/example/main/main.cpp:36

0x400d0802: main_task at /Users/user/esp/esp-idf/components/esp32/cpu_start.c:470

To find the location where a fatal error has happened, look at the lines which follow the “Backtrace” line. Fatal error location is the top line, and subsequent lines show the call stack.

GDB Stub¶

If CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_GDBSTUB option is enabled, panic handler will not reset the chip when fatal error happens. Instead, it will start GDB remote protocol server, commonly referred to as GDB Stub. When this happens, GDB instance running on the host computer can be instructed to connect to the ESP32 UART port.

If IDF Monitor is used, GDB is started automatically when GDB Stub prompt is detected on the UART. The output would look like this:

Entering gdb stub now.
$T0b#e6GNU gdb (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-80-gff1f415) 7.10
Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.  Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-build_apple-darwin16.3.0 --target=xtensa-esp32-elf".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from /Users/user/esp/example/build/example.elf...done.
Remote debugging using /dev/cu.usbserial-31301
0x400e1b41 in app_main ()
    at /Users/user/esp/example/main/main.cpp:36
36      *((int*) 0) = 0;
(gdb)

GDB prompt can be used to inspect CPU registers, local and static variables, and arbitrary locations in memory. It is not possible to set breakpoints, change PC, or continue execution. To reset the program, exit GDB and perform external reset: Ctrl-T Ctrl-R in IDF Monitor, or using external reset button on the development board.

Guru Meditation Errors¶

This section explains the meaning of different error causes, printed in parens after Guru Meditation Error: Core panic'ed message.

Note

See Wikipedia article for historical origins of “Guru Meditation”.

IllegalInstruction¶

This CPU exception indicates that the instruction which was executed was not a valid instruction. Most common reasons for this error include:

FreeRTOS task function has returned. In FreeRTOS, if task function needs to terminate, it should call vTaskDelete() function and delete itself, instead of returning.
Failure to load next instruction from SPI flash. This usually happens if:
- Application has reconfigured SPI flash pins as some other function (GPIO, UART, etc.). Consult Hardware Design Guidelines and the Datasheet for the chip or module for details about SPI flash pins.
- Some external device was accidentally connected to SPI flash pins, and has interfered with communication between ESP32 and SPI flash.

InstrFetchProhibited¶

This CPU exception indicates that CPU could not load an instruction because the the address of the instruction did not belong to a valid region in instruction RAM or ROM.

Usually this means an attempt to call a function pointer, which does not point to valid code. PC (Program Counter) register can be used as an indicator: it will be zero or will contain garbage value (not 0x4xxxxxxx).

LoadProhibited, StoreProhibited¶

This CPU exception happens when application attempts to read from or write to an invalid memory location. The address which was written/read is found in EXCVADDR register in the register dump. If this address is zero, it usually means that application attempted to dereference a NULL pointer. If this address is close to zero, it usually means that application attempted to access member of a structure, but the pointer to the structure was NULL. If this address is something else (garbage value, not in 0x3fxxxxxx - 0x6xxxxxxx range), it likely means that the pointer used to access the data was either not initialized or was corrupted.

IntegerDivideByZero¶

Application has attempted to do integer division by zero.

LoadStoreAlignment¶

Application has attempted to read or write memory location, and address alignment did not match load/store size. For example, 32-bit load can only be done from 4-byte aligned address, and 16-bit load can only be done from a 2-byte aligned address.

LoadStoreError¶

This exception may happen in the following cases:

If the application has attempted to do an 8- or 16- bit load/store from a memory region which only supports 32-bit loads/stores. For example, dereferencing a char* pointer to intruction memory (IRAM, IROM) will result in such an error.
If the application has attempted a store to a read-only memory region, such as IROM or DROM.

Unhandled debug exception¶

This will usually be followed by a message like:

Debug exception reason: Stack canary watchpoint triggered (task_name)

This error indicates that application has written past the end of the stack of task_name task. Note that not every stack overflow is guaranteed to trigger this error. It is possible that the task writes to stack beyond the stack canary location, in which case the watchpoint will not be triggered.

Interrupt wdt timeout on CPU0 / CPU1¶

Indicates that interrupt watchdog timeout has occured. See Watchdogs for more information.

Cache disabled but cached memory region accessed¶

In some situations ESP-IDF will temporarily disable access to external SPI Flash and SPI RAM via caches. For example, this happens with spi_flash APIs are used to read/write/erase/mmap regions of SPI Flash. In these situations, tasks are suspended, and interrupt handlers not registered with ESP_INTR_FLAG_IRAM are disabled. Make sure that any interrupt handlers registered with this flag have all the code and data in IRAM/DRAM. Refer to the SPI flash API documentation for more details.

Other Fatal Errors¶

Brownout¶

ESP32 has a built-in brownout detector, which is enabled by default. Brownout detector can trigger system reset if supply voltage goes below safe level. Brownout detector can be configured using CONFIG_ESP32_BROWNOUT_DET and CONFIG_ESP32_BROWNOUT_DET_LVL_SEL options.

When brownout detector triggers, the following message is printed:

Brownout detector was triggered

Chip is reset after the message is printed.

Note that if supply voltage is dropping at a fast rate, only part of the message may be seen on the console.

Corrupt Heap¶

ESP-IDF heap implementation contains a number of run-time checks of heap structure. Additional checks (“Heap Poisoning”) can be enabled in menuconfig. If one of the checks fails, message similar to the following will be printed:

CORRUPT HEAP: Bad tail at 0x3ffe270a. Expected 0xbaad5678 got 0xbaac5678
assertion "head != NULL" failed: file "/Users/user/esp/esp-idf/components/heap/multi_heap_poisoning.c", line 201, function: multi_heap_free
abort() was called at PC 0x400dca43 on core 0

Consult Heap Memory Debugging documentation for further information.

Stack Smashing¶

Stack smashing protection (based on GCC -fstack-protector* flags) can be enabled in ESP-IDF using CONFIG_COMPILER_STACK_CHECK_MODE option. If stack smashing is detected, message similar to the following will be printed:

Stack smashing protect failure!

abort() was called at PC 0x400d2138 on core 0

Backtrace: 0x4008e6c0:0x3ffc1780 0x4008e8b7:0x3ffc17a0 0x400d2138:0x3ffc17c0 0x400e79d5:0x3ffc17e0 0x400e79a7:0x3ffc1840 0x400e79df:0x3ffc18a0 0x400e2235:0x3ffc18c0 0x400e1916:0x3ffc18f0 0x400e19cd:0x3ffc1910 0x400e1a11:0x3ffc1930 0x400e1bb2:0x3ffc1950 0x400d2c44:0x3ffc1a80
0

The backtrace should point to the function where stack smashing has occured. Check the function code for unbounded access to local arrays.

Undefined behavior sanitizer (UBSAN) checks¶

Undefined behavior sanitizer (UBSAN) is a compiler feature which adds run-time checks for potentially incorrect operations, such as:

overflows (multiplication overflow, signed integer overflow)
shift base or exponent errors (e.g. shift by more than 32 bits)
integer conversion errors

See GCC documentation of -fsanitize=undefined option for the complete list of supported checks.

Enabling UBSAN¶

UBSAN is disabled by default. It can be enabled at file, component, or project level by adding -fsanitize=undefined compiler option in the build system.

When enabling UBSAN for the code which uses hardware register header files (soc/xxx_reg.h), it is recommended to disable shift-base sanitizer using -fno-sanitize=shift-base option. This is due to the fact that ESP-IDF register header files currently contain patterns which cause false positives for this specific sanitizer option.

To enable UBSAN at project level, add the following at the end of the project CMakeLists.txt file:

idf_build_set_property(COMPILE_OPTIONS "-fsanitize=undefined" "-fno-sanitize=shift-base" APPEND)

Alternatively, pass these options through EXTRA_CFLAGS and EXTRA_CXXFLAGS environment variables.

Enabling UBSAN results in significant increase of code and data size. Most applications, except for the trivial ones, will not fit into the available RAM of the microcontroller when UBSAN is enabled for the whole application. Therefore it is recommended that UBSAN is instead enabled for specific components under test.

To enable UBSAN for the specific component (component_name) from the project CMakeLists.txt file, add the following at the end of the file:

idf_component_get_property(lib component_name COMPONENT_LIB)
target_compile_options(${lib} PRIVATE "-fsanitize=undefined" "-fno-sanitize=shift-base")

Note

See the build system documentation for more information about build properties and component properties.

To enable UBSAN for the specific component (component_name) from CMakeLists.txt of the same component, add the following at the end of the file:

target_compile_options(${COMPONENT_LIB} PRIVATE "-fsanitize=undefined" "-fno-sanitize=shift-base")

UBSAN output¶

When UBSAN detects an error, a message and the backtrace are printed, for example:

Undefined behavior of type out_of_bounds

Backtrace:0x4008b383:0x3ffcd8b0 0x4008c791:0x3ffcd8d0 0x4008c587:0x3ffcd8f0 0x4008c6be:0x3ffcd950 0x400db74f:0x3ffcd970 0x400db99c:0x3ffcd9a0

When using IDF Monitor, the backtrace will be decoded to function names and source code locations, pointing to the location where the issue has happened (here it is main.c:128):

0x4008b383: panic_abort at /path/to/esp-idf/components/esp_system/panic.c:367

0x4008c791: esp_system_abort at /path/to/esp-idf/components/esp_system/system_api.c:106

0x4008c587: __ubsan_default_handler at /path/to/esp-idf/components/esp_system/ubsan.c:152

0x4008c6be: __ubsan_handle_out_of_bounds at /path/to/esp-idf/components/esp_system/ubsan.c:223

0x400db74f: test_ub at main.c:128

0x400db99c: app_main at main.c:56 (discriminator 1)

The types of errors reported by UBSAN can be as follows:

Name	Meaning
`type_mismatch`, `type_mismatch_v1`	Incorrect pointer value: null, unaligned, not compatible with the given type.
`add_overflow`, `sub_overflow`, `mul_overflow`, `negate_overflow`	Integer overflow during addition, subtraction, multiplication, negation.
`divrem_overflow`	Integer division by 0 or `INT_MIN`.
`shift_out_of_bounds`	Overflow in left or right shift operators.
`out_of_bounds`	Access outside of bounds of an array.
`unreachable`	Unreachable code executed.
`missing_return`	Non-void function has reached its end without returning a value (C++ only).
`vla_bound_not_positive`	Size of variable length array is not positive.
`load_invalid_value`	Value of `bool` or `enum` (C++ only) variable is invalid (out of bounds).
`nonnull_arg`	Null argument passed to a function which is declared with a `nonnull` attribute.
`nonnull_return`	Null value returned from a function which is declared with `returns_nonnull` attribute.
`builtin_unreachable`	`__builtin_unreachable` function called.
`pointer_overflow`	Overflow in pointer arithmetic.

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