Console

[中文]

ESP-IDF provides console component, which includes building blocks needed to develop an interactive console over serial port. This component includes following facilities:

Line editing, provided by linenoise library. This includes handling of backspace and arrow keys, scrolling through command history, command auto-completion, and argument hints.
Splitting of command line into arguments.
Argument parsing, provided by argtable3 library. This library includes APIs used for parsing GNU style command line arguments.
Functions for registration and dispatching of commands.
Functions to establish a basic REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop) environment.

Note

These facilities can be used together or independently. For example, it is possible to use line editing and command registration features, but use getopt or custom code for argument parsing, instead of argtable3. Likewise, it is possible to use simpler means of command input (such as fgets) together with the rest of the means for command splitting and argument parsing.

Line editing

Line editing feature lets users compose commands by typing them, erasing symbols using ‘backspace’ key, navigating within the command using left/right keys, navigating to previously typed commands using up/down keys, and performing autocompletion using ‘tab’ key.

Note

This feature relies on ANSI escape sequence support in the terminal application. As such, serial monitors which display raw UART data can not be used together with the line editing library. If you see [6n or similar escape sequence when running system/console example instead of a command prompt (e.g. esp> ), it means that the serial monitor does not support escape sequences. Programs which are known to work are GNU screen, minicom, and idf_monitor.py (which can be invoked using idf.py monitor from project directory).

Here is an overview of functions provided by linenoise library.

Configuration

Linenoise library does not need explicit initialization. However, some configuration defaults may need to be changed before invoking the main line editing function.

linenoiseClearScreen()

Clear terminal screen using an escape sequence and position the cursor at the top left corner.

linenoiseSetMultiLine()

Switch between single line and multi line editing modes. In single line mode, if the length of the command exceeds the width of the terminal, the command text is scrolled within the line to show the end of the text. In this case the beginning of the text is hidden. Single line needs less data to be sent to refresh screen on each key press, so exhibits less glitching compared to the multi line mode. On the flip side, editing commands and copying command text from terminal in single line mode is harder. Default is single line mode.

linenoiseAllowEmpty()

Set whether linenoise library will return a zero-length string (if true) or NULL (if false) for empty lines. By default, zero-length strings are returned.

linenoiseSetMaxLineLen()

Set maximum length of the line for linenoise library. Default length is 4096. If you need optimize RAM memory usage, you can do it by this function by setting a value less than default 4 KB.

Main loop

linenoise()

In most cases, console applications have some form of read/eval loop. linenoise() is the single function which handles user’s key presses and returns completed line once ‘enter’ key is pressed. As such, it handles the ‘read’ part of the loop.

linenoiseFree()

This function must be called to release the command line buffer obtained from linenoise() function.

Hints and completions

linenoiseSetCompletionCallback()

When user presses ‘tab’ key, linenoise library invokes completion callback. The callback should inspect the contents of the command typed so far and provide a list of possible completions using calls to linenoiseAddCompletion() function. linenoiseSetCompletionCallback() function should be called to register this completion callback, if completion feature is desired.

console component provides a ready made function to provide completions for registered commands, esp_console_get_completion() (see below).

linenoiseAddCompletion()

Function to be called by completion callback to inform the library about possible completions of the currently typed command.

linenoiseSetHintsCallback()

Whenever user input changes, linenoise invokes hints callback. This callback can inspect the command line typed so far, and provide a string with hints (which can include list of command arguments, for example). The library then displays the hint text on the same line where editing happens, possibly with a different color.

linenoiseSetFreeHintsCallback()

If hint string returned by hints callback is dynamically allocated or needs to be otherwise recycled, the function which performs such cleanup should be registered via linenoiseSetFreeHintsCallback().

History

linenoiseHistorySetMaxLen()

This function sets the number of most recently typed commands to be kept in memory. Users can navigate the history using up/down arrows.

linenoiseHistoryAdd()

Linenoise does not automatically add commands to history. Instead, applications need to call this function to add command strings to the history.

linenoiseHistorySave()

Function saves command history from RAM to a text file, for example on an SD card or on a filesystem in flash memory.

linenoiseHistoryLoad()

Counterpart to linenoiseHistorySave(), loads history from a file.

linenoiseHistoryFree()

Releases memory used to store command history. Call this function when done working with linenoise library.

Splitting of command line into arguments

console component provides esp_console_split_argv() function to split command line string into arguments. The function returns the number of arguments found (argc) and fills an array of pointers which can be passed as argv argument to any function which accepts arguments in argc, argv format.

The command line is split into arguments according to the following rules:

Arguments are separated by spaces
If spaces within arguments are required, they can be escaped using \ (backslash) character.
Other escape sequences which are recognized are \\ (which produces literal backslash) and \", which produces a double quote.
Arguments can be quoted using double quotes. Quotes may appear only in the beginning and at the end of the argument. Quotes within the argument must be escaped as mentioned above. Quotes surrounding the argument are stripped by esp_console_split_argv function.

Examples:

abc def 1 20 .3 ⟶ [ abc, def, 1, 20, .3 ]
abc "123 456" def ⟶ [ abc, 123 456, def ]
`a\ b\\c\" ⟶ [ a b\c" ]

Argument parsing

For argument parsing, console component includes argtable3 library. Please see tutorial for an introduction to argtable3. Github repository also includes examples.

Command registration and dispatching

console component includes utility functions which handle registration of commands, matching commands typed by the user to registered ones, and calling these commands with the arguments given on the command line.

Application first initializes command registration module using a call to esp_console_init(), and calls esp_console_cmd_register() function to register command handlers.

For each command, application provides the following information (in the form of esp_console_cmd_t structure):

Command name (string without spaces)
Help text explaining what the command does
Optional hint text listing the arguments of the command. If application uses Argtable3 for argument parsing, hint text can be generated automatically by providing a pointer to argtable argument definitions structure instead.
The command handler function.

A few other functions are provided by the command registration module:

esp_console_run()

This function takes the command line string, splits it into argc/argv argument list using esp_console_split_argv(), looks up the command in the list of registered components, and if it is found, executes its handler.

esp_console_register_help_command()

Adds help command to the list of registered commands. This command prints the list of all the registered commands, along with their arguments and help texts.

esp_console_get_completion()

Callback function to be used with linenoiseSetCompletionCallback() from linenoise library. Provides completions to linenoise based on the list of registered commands.

esp_console_get_hint()

Callback function to be used with linenoiseSetHintsCallback() from linenoise library. Provides argument hints for registered commands to linenoise.

Initialize console REPL environment

To establish a basic REPL environment, console component provides several useful APIs, combining those functions described above.

In a typical application, you only need to call esp_console_new_repl_uart() to initialize the REPL environment based on UART device, including driver install, basic console configuration, spawning a thread to do REPL task and register several useful commands (e.g. help).

After that, you can register your own commands with esp_console_cmd_register(). The REPL environment keeps in init state until you call esp_console_start_repl().

Application Example

Example application illustrating usage of the console component is available in system/console directory. This example shows how to initialize UART and VFS functions, set up linenoise library, read and handle commands from UART, and store command history in Flash. See README.md in the example directory for more details.

Besides that, ESP-IDF contains several useful examples which based on console component and can be treated as “tools” when developing applications. For example, peripherals/i2c/i2c_tools, wifi/iperf.

API Reference

Header File

components/console/esp_console.h

Functions

esp_err_t esp_console_init(const esp_console_config_t *config)

initialize console module

Note

Call this once before using other console module features

Parameters

config – console configuration

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM if out of memory
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE if already initialized
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the configuration is invalid

esp_err_t esp_console_deinit(void)

de-initialize console module

Note

Call this once when done using console module functions

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE if not initialized yet

esp_err_t esp_console_cmd_register(const esp_console_cmd_t *cmd)

Register console command.

Parameters

cmd – pointer to the command description; can point to a temporary value

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM if out of memory
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if command description includes invalid arguments

esp_err_t esp_console_run(const char *cmdline, int *cmd_ret)

Run command line.

Parameters

cmdline – command line (command name followed by a number of arguments)
cmd_ret – [out] return code from the command (set if command was run)

Returns

ESP_OK, if command was run
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, if the command line is empty, or only contained whitespace
ESP_ERR_NOT_FOUND, if command with given name wasn’t registered
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE, if esp_console_init wasn’t called

size_t esp_console_split_argv(char *line, char **argv, size_t argv_size)

Split command line into arguments in place.

* - This function finds whitespace-separated arguments in the given input line.
*
*     'abc def 1 20 .3' -> [ 'abc', 'def', '1', '20', '.3' ]
*
* - Argument which include spaces may be surrounded with quotes. In this case
*   spaces are preserved and quotes are stripped.
*
*     'abc "123 456" def' -> [ 'abc', '123 456', 'def' ]
*
* - Escape sequences may be used to produce backslash, double quote, and space:
*
*     'a\ b\\c\"' -> [ 'a b\c"' ]
*

Note

Pointers to at most argv_size - 1 arguments are returned in argv array. The pointer after the last one (i.e. argv[argc]) is set to NULL.

Parameters

line – pointer to buffer to parse; it is modified in place
argv – array where the pointers to arguments are written
argv_size – number of elements in argv_array (max. number of arguments)

Returns

number of arguments found (argc)

void esp_console_get_completion(const char *buf, linenoiseCompletions *lc)

Callback which provides command completion for linenoise library.

When using linenoise for line editing, command completion support can be enabled like this:

linenoiseSetCompletionCallback(&esp_console_get_completion);

Parameters

buf – the string typed by the user
lc – linenoiseCompletions to be filled in

const char *esp_console_get_hint(const char *buf, int *color, int *bold)

Callback which provides command hints for linenoise library.

When using linenoise for line editing, hints support can be enabled as follows:

linenoiseSetHintsCallback((linenoiseHintsCallback*) &esp_console_get_hint);

The extra cast is needed because linenoiseHintsCallback is defined as returning a char* instead of const char*.

Parameters

buf – line typed by the user
color – [out] ANSI color code to be used when displaying the hint
bold – [out] set to 1 if hint has to be displayed in bold

Returns

string containing the hint text. This string is persistent and should not be freed (i.e. linenoiseSetFreeHintsCallback should not be used).

esp_err_t esp_console_register_help_command(void)

Register a ‘help’ command.

Default ‘help’ command prints the list of registered commands along with hints and help strings.

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE, if esp_console_init wasn’t called

esp_err_t esp_console_new_repl_uart(const esp_console_dev_uart_config_t *dev_config, const esp_console_repl_config_t *repl_config, esp_console_repl_t **ret_repl)

Establish a console REPL environment over UART driver.

Attention: This function is meant to be used in the examples to make the code more compact. Applications which use console functionality should be based on the underlying linenoise and esp_console functions.

Note

This is an all-in-one function to establish the environment needed for REPL, includes:

Install the UART driver on the console UART (8n1, 115200, REF_TICK clock source)
Configures the stdin/stdout to go through the UART driver
Initializes linenoise
Spawn new thread to run REPL in the background

Parameters

dev_config – [in] UART device configuration
repl_config – [in] REPL configuration
ret_repl – [out] return REPL handle after initialization succeed, return NULL otherwise

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_FAIL Parameter error

esp_err_t esp_console_new_repl_usb_cdc(const esp_console_dev_usb_cdc_config_t *dev_config, const esp_console_repl_config_t *repl_config, esp_console_repl_t **ret_repl)

Establish a console REPL environment over USB CDC.

Attention: This function is meant to be used in the examples to make the code more compact. Applications which use console functionality should be based on the underlying linenoise and esp_console functions.

Note

This is a all-in-one function to establish the environment needed for REPL, includes:

Initializes linenoise
Spawn new thread to run REPL in the background

Parameters

dev_config – [in] USB CDC configuration
repl_config – [in] REPL configuration
ret_repl – [out] return REPL handle after initialization succeed, return NULL otherwise

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_FAIL Parameter error

esp_err_t esp_console_start_repl(esp_console_repl_t *repl)

Start REPL environment.

Note

Once the REPL gets started, it won’t be stopped until the user calls repl->del(repl) to destroy the REPL environment.

Parameters

repl – [in] REPL handle returned from esp_console_new_repl_xxx

Returns

ESP_OK on success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE, if repl has started already

Structures

struct esp_console_config_t

Parameters for console initialization.

Public Members

size_t max_cmdline_length: length of command line buffer, in bytes

size_t max_cmdline_args: maximum number of command line arguments to parse

int hint_color: ASCII color code of hint text.

int hint_bold: Set to 1 to print hint text in bold.

struct esp_console_repl_config_t

Parameters for console REPL (Read Eval Print Loop)

Public Members

uint32_t max_history_len: maximum length for the history

const char *history_save_path: file path used to save history commands, set to NULL won’t save to file system

uint32_t task_stack_size: repl task stack size

uint32_t task_priority: repl task priority

const char *prompt: prompt (NULL represents default: “esp> “)

size_t max_cmdline_length: maximum length of a command line. If 0, default value will be used

struct esp_console_dev_uart_config_t

Parameters for console device: UART.

Public Members

int channel: UART channel number (count from zero)

int baud_rate: Comunication baud rate.

int tx_gpio_num: GPIO number for TX path, -1 means using default one.

int rx_gpio_num: GPIO number for RX path, -1 means using default one.

struct esp_console_dev_usb_cdc_config_t: Parameters for console device: USB CDC.

Note

It’s an empty structure for now, reserved for future

struct esp_console_cmd_t

Console command description.

Public Members

const char *command: Command name. Must not be NULL, must not contain spaces. The pointer must be valid until the call to esp_console_deinit.

const char *help: Help text for the command, shown by help command. If set, the pointer must be valid until the call to esp_console_deinit. If not set, the command will not be listed in ‘help’ output.

const char *hint: Hint text, usually lists possible arguments. If set to NULL, and ‘argtable’ field is non-NULL, hint will be generated automatically

esp_console_cmd_func_t func: Pointer to a function which implements the command.

void *argtable: Array or structure of pointers to arg_xxx structures, may be NULL. Used to generate hint text if ‘hint’ is set to NULL. Array/structure which this field points to must end with an arg_end. Only used for the duration of esp_console_cmd_register call.

struct esp_console_repl_s

Console REPL base structure.

Public Members

esp_err_t (*del)(esp_console_repl_t *repl)

Delete console REPL environment.

Param repl

[in] REPL handle returned from esp_console_new_repl_xxx

Return

ESP_OK on success
ESP_FAIL on errors

Macros

ESP_CONSOLE_CONFIG_DEFAULT(): Default console configuration value.

ESP_CONSOLE_REPL_CONFIG_DEFAULT(): Default console repl configuration value.

ESP_CONSOLE_DEV_UART_CONFIG_DEFAULT()

ESP_CONSOLE_DEV_CDC_CONFIG_DEFAULT()

Type Definitions

typedef struct linenoiseCompletions linenoiseCompletions

typedef int (*esp_console_cmd_func_t)(int argc, char **argv)

Console command main function.

Param argc: number of arguments
Param argv: array with argc entries, each pointing to a zero-terminated string argument
Return: console command return code, 0 indicates “success”

typedef struct esp_console_repl_s esp_console_repl_t: Type defined for console REPL.

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