ULP RISC-V Coprocessor programming

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The ULP RISC-V coprocessor is a variant of the ULP present in ESP32-S2. Similar to ULP FSM, the ULP RISC-V coprocessor can perform tasks such as sensor readings while the main CPU stays in low power modes. The main difference between ULP FSM and ULP RISC-V is that the latter can be programmed in C using standard GNU tools. The ULP RISC-V coprocessor can access the RTC_SLOW_MEM memory region, and registers in RTC_CNTL, RTC_IO, and SARADC peripherals. The RISC-V processor is a 32-bit fixed point machine. Its instruction set is based on RV32IMC which includes hardware multiplication and division, and compressed code.

Installing the ULP RISC-V Toolchain

The ULP RISC-V coprocessor code is written in C (assembly is also possible) and compiled using the RISC-V toolchain based on GCC.

If you have already set up ESP-IDF with CMake build system according to the Getting Started Guide, then the toolchain should already be installed.

Compiling the ULP RISC-V Code

To compile the ULP RISC-V code as part of the component, the following steps must be taken:

  1. The ULP RISC-V code, written in C or assembly (must use the .S extension), must be placed in a separate directory inside the component directory, for instance, ulp/.

  1. Call ulp_embed_binary from the component CMakeLists.txt after registration. For example:

    ...
idf_component_register()

set(ulp_app_name ulp_${COMPONENT_NAME})
set(ulp_sources "ulp/ulp_c_source_file.c" "ulp/ulp_assembly_source_file.S")
set(ulp_exp_dep_srcs "ulp_c_source_file.c")

ulp_embed_binary(${ulp_app_name} "${ulp_sources}" "${ulp_exp_dep_srcs}")

The first argument to ulp_embed_binary specifies the ULP binary name. The name specified here will also be used by other generated artifacts such as the ELF file, map file, header file and linker export file. The second argument specifies the ULP source files. Finally, the third argument specifies the list of component source files which include the header file to be generated. This list is needed to build the dependencies correctly and ensure that the generated header file will be created before any of these files are compiled. See the section below for the concept of generated header files for ULP applications.

  1. Build the application as usual (e.g. idf.py app).

    Inside, the build system will take the following steps to build ULP program:

    1. Run each source file through the C compiler and assembler. This step generates the object files (.obj.c or .obj.S depending of source file processed) in the component build directory.

    2. Run the linker script template through the C preprocessor. The template is located in components/ulp/ld directory.

    3. Link the object files into an output ELF file (ulp_app_name.elf). The Map file (ulp_app_name.map) generated at this stage may be useful for debugging purposes.

    4. Dump the contents of the ELF file into a binary (ulp_app_name.bin) which can then be embedded into the application.

    5. Generate a list of global symbols (ulp_app_name.sym) in the ELF file using riscv32-esp-elf-nm.

    6. Create an LD export script and a header file (ulp_app_name.ld and ulp_app_name.h) containing the symbols from ulp_app_name.sym. This is done using the esp32ulp_mapgen.py utility.

    7. Add the generated binary to the list of binary files to be embedded into the application.

Accessing the ULP RISC-V Program Variables

Global symbols defined in the ULP RISC-V program may be used inside the main program.

For example, the ULP RISC-V program may define a variable measurement_count which will define the number of ADC measurements the program needs to make before waking up the chip from deep sleep.

volatile int measurement_count;

int some_function()
{
    //read the measurement count for use it later.
    int temp = measurement_count;

    ...do something.
}

The main program can access the global ULP RISC-V program variables as the build system makes this possible by generating the ${ULP_APP_NAME}.h and ${ULP_APP_NAME}.ld files which define the global symbols present in the ULP RISC-V program. Each global symbol defined in the ULP RISC-V program is included in these files and are prefixed with ulp_.

The header file contains the declaration of the symbol:

extern uint32_t ulp_measurement_count;

Note that all symbols (variables, arrays, functions) are declared as uint32_t. For functions and arrays, take the address of the symbol and cast it to the appropriate type.

The generated linker script file defines the locations of symbols in RTC_SLOW_MEM:

PROVIDE ( ulp_measurement_count = 0x50000060 );

To access the ULP RISC-V program variables from the main program, the generated header file should be included using an include statement. This will allow the ULP RISC-V program variables to be accessed as regular variables.

#include "ulp_app_name.h"

void init_ulp_vars() {
    ulp_measurement_count = 64;
}

Starting the ULP RISC-V Program

To run a ULP RISC-V program, the main application needs to load the ULP program into RTC memory using the ulp_riscv_load_binary() function, and then start it using the ulp_riscv_run() function.

Note that CONFIG_ULP_COPROC_ENABLED and CONFIG_ULP_COPROC_TYPE_RISCV options must be enabled in menuconfig to work with ULP RISC-V. To reserve memory for the ULP, the RTC slow memory reserved for coprocessor option must be set to a value big enough to store ULP RISC-V code and data. If the application components contain multiple ULP programs, then the size of the RTC memory must be sufficient to hold the largest one.

Each ULP RISC-V program is embedded into the ESP-IDF application as a binary blob. The application can reference this blob and load it in the following way (suppose ULP_APP_NAME was defined to ulp_app_name):

extern const uint8_t bin_start[] asm("_binary_ulp_app_name_bin_start");
extern const uint8_t bin_end[]   asm("_binary_ulp_app_name_bin_end");

void start_ulp_program() {
    ESP_ERROR_CHECK( ulp_riscv_load_binary( bin_start,
        (bin_end - bin_start)) );
}

Once the program is loaded into RTC memory, the application can start it by calling the ulp_riscv_run() function:

ESP_ERROR_CHECK( ulp_riscv_run() );

ULP RISC-V Program Flow

The ULP RISC-V coprocessor is started by a timer. The timer is started once ulp_riscv_run() is called. The timer counts the number of RTC_SLOW_CLK ticks (by default, produced by an internal 90kHz RC oscillator). The number of ticks is set using RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_TIMER_1_REG register. When starting the ULP, RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_TIMER_1_REG will be used to set the number of timer ticks.

The application can set ULP timer period values (RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_TIMER_1_REG) using the ulp_set_wakeup_period() function.

Once the timer counts the number of ticks set in the RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_TIMER_1_REG register, the ULP RISC-V coprocessor will power up and start running the program from the entry point set in the call to ulp_riscv_run().

The program runs until the field RTC_CNTL_COCPU_DONE in register RTC_CNTL_COCPU_CTRL_REG gets written or when a trap occurs due to illegal processor state. Once the program halts, the ULP RISC-V coprocessor will power down, and the timer will be started again.

To disable the timer (effectively preventing the ULP program from running again), please clear the RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_SLP_TIMER_EN bit in the RTC_CNTL_ULP_CP_TIMER_REG register. This can be done both from the ULP code and from the main program.

Debugging Your ULP RISC-V Program

When programming the ULP RISC-V it can sometimes be challenging to figure out why the program is not behaving as expected. Due to the simplicity of the core many of the standard methods of debugging, e.g. JTAG or printf, are simply not available.

Keeping this in mind, here are some ways that may help you debug you ULP RISC-V program:

  • Share program state through shared variables: as described in Accessing the ULP RISC-V Program Variables, both the main CPU and the ULP core can easily access global variables in RTC memory. Writing state information to such a variable from the ULP and reading it from the main CPU can help you discern what is happening on the ULP core. The downside of this approach is that it requires the main CPU to be awake, which will not always be the case. Keeping the main CPU awake might even, in some cases, mask problems, as some issues may only occur when certain power domains are powered down.

  • Printing using the bit-banged UART driver: the ULP RISC-V component comes with a low-speed bit-banged UART TX driver that can be used for printing information independently of the main CPU state. See system/ulp_riscv/uart_print for an example of how to use this driver.

  • Trap signal: the ULP RISC-V has a hardware trap that will trigger under certain conditions, e.g. illegal instruction. This will cause the main CPU to be woken up with the wake-up cause ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_COCPU_TRAP_TRIG.

Application Examples

API Reference

Header File

Functions

esp_err_t ulp_riscv_config_and_run(ulp_riscv_cfg_t *cfg)

Configure the ULP and run the program loaded into RTC memory.

Parameters

cfg – pointer to the config struct

Returns

ESP_OK on success

esp_err_t ulp_riscv_run(void)

Configure the ULP with default settings and run the program loaded into RTC memory.

Returns

ESP_OK on success

esp_err_t ulp_riscv_load_binary(const uint8_t *program_binary, size_t program_size_bytes)

Load ULP-RISC-V program binary into RTC memory.

Different than ULP FSM, the binary program has no special format, it is the ELF file generated by RISC-V toolchain converted to binary format using objcopy.

Linker script in components/ulp/ld/ulp_riscv.ld produces ELF files which correspond to this format. This linker script produces binaries with load_addr == 0.

Parameters

  • program_binary – pointer to program binary

  • program_size_bytes – size of the program binary

Returns

  • ESP_OK on success

  • ESP_ERR_INVALID_SIZE if program_size_bytes is more than 8KiB

void ulp_riscv_timer_stop(void)

Stop the ULP timer.

Note

This will stop the ULP from waking up if halted, but will not abort any program currently executing on the ULP.

void ulp_riscv_timer_resume(void)

Resumes the ULP timer.

Note

This will resume an already configured timer, but does no other configuration

void ulp_riscv_halt(void)

Halts the program currently running on the ULP-RISC-V.

Note

Program will restart at the next ULP timer trigger if timer is still running. If you want to stop the ULP from waking up then call ulp_riscv_timer_stop() first.

Structures

struct ulp_riscv_cfg_t

ULP riscv init parameters.

Public Members

ulp_riscv_wakeup_source_t wakeup_source

ULP wakeup source

Macros

ULP_RISCV_DEFAULT_CONFIG()

Enumerations

enum ulp_riscv_wakeup_source_t

Values:

enumerator ULP_RISCV_WAKEUP_SOURCE_TIMER
enumerator ULP_RISCV_WAKEUP_SOURCE_GPIO

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