Security

This guide provides an overview of the overall security features available in Espressif solutions. It is highly recommended to consider this guide while designing the products with Espressif platform and ESP-IDF software stack from the "security" perspective.

Goals

High level security goals are as follows:

  1. Preventing untrusted code execution

  2. Protecting the identity and integrity of the code stored in the off-chip flash memory

  3. Securing device identity

  4. Secure storage for confidential data

  5. Authenticated and encrypted communication from the device

Platform Security

Secure Boot

Secure Boot feature ensures that only authenticated software can execute on the device. Secure boot process forms chain of trust by verifying all mutable software entities involved in the ESP-IDF boot process. Signature verification happens during both boot-up as well as OTA updates.

Please refer to the Secure Boot (v2) Guide for detailed documentation about this feature.

Important

It is highly recommended that a secure boot feature be enabled on all production devices.

Secure Boot Best Practices

  • Generate the signing key on a system with a quality source of entropy.

  • Always keep the signing key private. A leak of this key will compromise the Secure Boot system.

  • Do not allow any third party to observe any aspects of the key generation or signing process using espsecure.py. Both processes are vulnerable to timing or other side-channel attacks.

  • Ensure that all security eFuses have been correctly programmed, includes disabling of the debug interfaces, non-required boot mediums (e.g., UART DL mode) etc.

Flash Encryption

Flash Encryption feature helps to encrypt the contents on the off-chip flash memory and thus provides the "confidentiality" aspect to the software or data stored in the flash memory.

Please refer to the Flash Encryption Guide for detailed documentation about this feature.

Flash Encryption Best Practices

  • It is recommended to use Flash Encryption release mode for the production use-cases.

  • It is recommended to have a unique flash encryption key per device.

  • Enable Secure Boot as an extra layer of protection, and to prevent an attacker from selectively corrupting any part of the flash before boot.

Device Identity

Digital Signature Peripheral in ESP32-C3 produces hardware accelerated RSA digital signatures (with assistance of HMAC), without the RSA private key being accessible by software. This allows the private key to be kept secured on the device without anyone other than the device hardware being able to access it.

DS peripheral can help to establish the Secure Device Identity to the remote endpoint, e.g., in the case of TLS mutual authentication based on the RSA cipher scheme.

Please refer to the Digital Signature (DS) for detailed documentation.

Memory Protection

ESP32-C3 supports "Memory Protection" scheme (either through architecture or special peripheral like PMS) which provides an ability to enforce and monitor permission attributes to memory (and peripherals in some cases). ESP-IDF application startup code configures the permissions attributes like Read/Write access on data memories and Read/Execute access on instruction memories using this peripheral. If there is any attempt made that breaks these permission attributes (e.g., a write operation to instruction memory region) then a violation interrupt is raised, and it results in system panic.

This feature depends on the config option CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_MEMPROT_FEATURE and it is kept default enabled. Please note that the API for this feature is private and used exclusively by ESP-IDF code only.

Note

This feature can help to prevent the possibility of remote code injection due to the existing vulnerabilities in the software.

Debug Interfaces

JTAG

  • JTAG interfaces stays disabled if any of the security features are enabled, please refer to JTAG with Flash Encryption or Secure Boot for more information.

  • JTAG interface can also be disabled in the absence of any other security features using eFuse API.

  • ESP32-C3 supports soft disabling the JTAG interface and it can be re-enabled by programming a secret key through HMAC. (HMAC for Enabling JTAG)

UART DL Mode

In ESP32-C3, Secure UART Download mode gets activated if any of the security features are enabled.

  • Secure UART Download mode can also be enabled by calling esp_efuse_enable_rom_secure_download_mode().

  • This mode does not allow any arbitrary code to execute if downloaded through the UART download mode.

  • It also limits the available commands in Download mode to update SPI config, changing baud rate, basic flash write and a command to return a summary of currently enabled security features (get_security_info).

  • To disable Download Mode entirely select the CONFIG_SECURE_UART_ROM_DL_MODE to "Permanently disable ROM Download Mode (recommended)" or call esp_efuse_disable_rom_download_mode() at runtime.

Important

In Secure UART Download mode, esptool can only work with the argument --no-stub.

Network Security

Wi-Fi

In addition to the traditional security methods (WEP/WPA-TKIP/WPA2-CCMP), Wi-Fi driver in ESP-IDF also supports additional state-of-the-art security protocols. Please refer to the Wi-Fi Security for detailed documentation.

TLS (Transport Layer Security)

It is recommended to use TLS (Transport Layer Security) in all external communications, e.g., cloud communication, OTA updates etc. from the ESP device. ESP-IDF supports mbedTLS as the official TLS stack.

TLS is default integrated in ESP HTTP Client, ESP HTTPS Server and several other components that ship with ESP-IDF.

Note

It is recommended to use ESP-IDF protocol components in their default configuration which has been ensured to be secure. Disabling HTTPS and similar security critical configurations should be avoided.

ESP-TLS Abstraction

ESP-IDF provides an abstraction layer for most used TLS functionalities and hence it is recommended that an application makes use of the API exposed by ESP-TLS.

TLS Server verification section highlights diverse ways in which the identity of server could be established on the device side.

ESP Certificate Bundle

The ESP x509 Certificate Bundle API provides an easy way to include a bundle of custom x509 root certificates for TLS server verification. The certificate bundle is the easiest way to verify the identity of almost all standard TLS servers.

Important

It is highly recommended to verify the identity of the server (based on X.509 certificates) to avoid establishing communication with the fake server.

Product Security

Secure Provisioning

Secure Provisioning refers to a process of secure on-boarding of the ESP device on to the Wi-Fi network. This mechanism also allows provision of additional custom configuration data during the initial provisioning phase from the provisioning entity (e.g., Smartphone).

ESP-IDF provides various security schemes to establish a secure session between ESP and the provisioning entity, they are highlighted at Security Schemes.

Please refer to the Wi-Fi Provisioning documentation for details and example code for this feature.

Note

Espressif provides Android and iOS Phone Apps along with their sources so that it could be easy to further customize them as per the product requirement.

Secure OTA (Over-the-air) Updates

  • OTA Updates must happen over secure transport, e.g., HTTPS.

  • ESP-IDF provides a simplified abstraction layer ESP HTTPS OTA for this.

  • If Secure Boot is enabled then server should host the signed application image.

  • If Flash Encryption is enabled then no additional steps are required on the server side, encryption shall be taken care on the device itself during flash write.

  • OTA update Rollback Process can help to switch the application as active only after its functionality has been verified.

Anti-Rollback Protection

Anti-rollback protection feature ensures that device only executes application that meets the security version criteria as stored in its eFuse. So even though the application is trusted and signed by legitimate key it may contain some revoked security feature or credential and hence device must reject any such application.

ESP-IDF allows this feature for the application only and it's managed through 2nd stage bootloader. The security version is stored in the device eFuse and it's compared against the application image header during both bootup and over-the-air updates.

Please see more information to enable this feature in the Anti-rollback guide.

Encrypted Firmware Distribution

Encrypted firmware distribution during over-the-air updates ensure that the application stays encrypted in transit from server to the the device. This can act as an additional layer of protection on top of the TLS communication during OTA updates and protect the identity of the application.

Please see working example for this documented in OTA Upgrades with Pre-Encrypted Firmware section.

Secure Storage

Secure storage refers to the application specific data that can be stored in a secure manner on the device (off-chip flash memory). This is typically read-write flash partition and holds device specific configuration data e.g., Wi-Fi credentials.

ESP-IDF provides "NVS (Non-volatile Storage)" management component which allows encrypted data partitions. This feature is tied with the platform Flash Encryption feature described earlier.

Please refer to the NVS Encryption for detailed documentation on the working and instructions to enable this feature.

Important

By default, ESP-IDF components writes the device specific data into the default NVS partition (includes Wi-Fi credentials too) and it is recommended to protect this data using "NVS Encryption" feature.

Secure Device Control

ESP-IDF provides capability to control an ESP device over Wi-Fi + HTTP or BLE in a secure manner using ESP Local Control component.

Please refer to the ESP Local Control for detailed documentation about this feature.

Security Policy

ESP-IDF GitHub repository has attached Security Policy Brief.

Advisories

  • Espressif publishes critical Security Advisories on the website, this includes both hardware and software related.

  • ESP-IDF software components specific advisories are published through the GitHub repository.

Software Updates

Critical security issues in the ESP-IDF components, 3rd party libraries are fixed as and when we find them or when they are reported to us. Gradually, we make the fixes available in all applicable release branches in ESP-IDF.

Applicable security issues and CVEs for the ESP-IDF components, 3rd party libraries are mentioned in the ESP-IDF release notes.

Important

We recommend periodically updating to the latest bugfix version of the ESP-IDF release to have all critical security fixes available.

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