# ESP-IDF Tests with Pytest Guide

[中文]

ESP-IDF provides a variety of testing mechanisms that runs directly on target ESP chips (referred to as target test). These target tests are typically integrated into an ESP-IDF project specifically designed for testing purposes (known as a test app). Similar to standard ESP-IDF projects, test apps follow the same build, flash, and monitoring procedures.

In target testing, a connected host (for instance, a PC) is typically required to trigger specific test cases, provide test data, and evaluate test results.

On the host side, ESP-IDF employs the pytest framework (alongside certain pytest plugins) to automate target testing. This guide delves into pytest in ESP-IDF, covering the following aspects:

1. Common concepts in ESP-IDF target testing.

2. Using the pytest framework in Python scripts for target testing automation.

3. ESP-IDF Continuous Integration (CI) target testing workflow.

4. Running target tests locally using pytest.

5. pytest tips and tricks.

Note

In ESP-IDF, we use the following pytest plugins by default:

- pytest-embedded with default services `esp,idf`

- pytest-rerunfailures

- pytest-ignore-test-results

All the concepts and usages introduced in this guide are based on the default behavior of these plugins, thus may not be available in vanilla pytest.

Important

This guide specifically targets ESP-IDF contributors. Some of the concepts, like the custom markers, may not be directly applicable to personal projects using the ESP-IDF SDK. For running pytest-embedded in personal projects, please refer to pytest-embedded documentation, and explore the provided examples.

## Installation

All basic dependencies could be installed by running the ESP-IDF install script with the `--enable-pytest` argument:

    $ install.sh --enable-pytest

Additional test script specific dependencies could be installed separately by running the ESP-IDF install script with the `--enable-pytest-specific` argument:

    $ install.sh --enable-test-specific

Several mechanisms have been implemented to ensure the successful execution of the installation processes. If you encounter any issues during installation, please submit an issue report to our GitHub issue tracker.

## Common Concepts

A test app is a set of binaries which are built from an IDF project that is used to test a particular feature of your project. Test apps are usually located under `${IDF_PATH}/examples`, `${IDF_PATH}/tools/test_apps`, and `${IDF_PATH}/components/<COMPONENT_NAME>/test_apps`.

A Device under test (DUT) is a set of ESP chip(s) which connect to a host (e.g., a PC). The host is responsible for flashing the apps to the DUT, triggering the test cases, and inspecting the test results.

A typical ESP-IDF project that contains a pytest script will have the following structure:

    .
    └── my_app/
        ├── main/
        │   └── ...
        ├── CMakeLists.txt
        └── pytest_foo.py

Sometimes, for some multi-dut tests, one test case requires multiple test apps. In this case, the test app folder structure would be like this:

    .
    ├── my_app_foo/
    │   ├── main/
    │   │   └── ...
    │   └── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── my_app_bar/
    │   ├── main/
    │   │   └── ...
    │   └── CMakeLists.txt
    └── pytest_foo_bar.py

## pytest in ESP-IDF

### Single DUT Test Cases

#### Getting Started

    @pytest.mark.esp32
    @pytest.mark.esp32s2
    @pytest.mark.generic
    def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
        dut.expect('Hello world!')

This is a simple test script that could run with the ESP-IDF getting-started example get-started/hello_world.

First two lines are the target markers:

- The `@pytest.mark.esp32` is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the ESP32.

- The `@pytest.mark.esp32s2` is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the ESP32-S2.

Note

If the test case can be run on all targets officially supported by ESP-IDF (call `idf.py --list-targets` for more details), you can use a special marker `supported_targets` to apply all of them in one line.

We also supports `preview_targets` and `all_targets` as special target markers (call `idf.py --list-targets --preview` for a full targets list including preview targets).

Next, we have the environment marker:

- The `@pytest.mark.generic` is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the `generic` board type.

Note

For the detailed explanation of the environment markers, please refer to ENV_MARKERS definition

Finally, we have the test function. With a `dut` fixture. In single-dut test cases, the `dut` fixture is an instance of `IdfDut` class, for multi-dut test cases, it is a tuple of `IdfDut` instances. For more details regarding the `IdfDut` class, please refer to pytest-embedded IdfDut API reference.

#### Same App With Different sdkconfig Files

For some test cases, you may need to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. For detailed documentation regarding sdkconfig related concepts, please refer to idf-build-apps Documentation.

Here's a simple example that demonstrates how to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. Assume we have the following folder structure:

    .
    └── my_app/
        ├── main/
        │   └── ...
        ├── CMakeLists.txt
        ├── sdkconfig.ci.foo
        ├── sdkconfig.ci.bar
        └── pytest_foo.py

If the test case needs to run all supported targets with these two sdkconfig files, you can use the following code:

    @pytest.mark.esp32
    @pytest.mark.esp32s2
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('config', [    # <-- parameterize the sdkconfig file
        'foo',                              # <-- run with sdkconfig.ci.foo
        'bar',                              # <-- run with sdkconfig.ci.bar
    ], indirect=True)                       # <-- `indirect=True` is required, indicates this param is pre-calculated before other fixtures
    def test_foo_bar(dut, config) -> None:
        if config == 'foo':
          dut.expect('This is from sdkconfig.ci.foo')
        elif config == 'bar':
          dut.expect('This is from sdkconfig.ci.bar')

All markers will impact the test case simultaneously. Overall, this test function would be replicated to 4 test cases:

- `test_foo_bar`, with esp32 target, and `sdkconfig.ci.foo` as the sdkconfig file

- `test_foo_bar`, with esp32 target, and `sdkconfig.ci.bar` as the sdkconfig file

- `test_foo_bar`, with esp32s2 target, and `sdkconfig.ci.foo` as the sdkconfig file

- `test_foo_bar`, with esp32s2 target, and `sdkconfig.ci.bar` as the sdkconfig file

Sometimes in the test script or the log file, you may see the following format:

- `esp32.foo.test_foo_bar`

- `esp32.bar.test_foo_bar`

- `esp32s2.foo.test_foo_bar`

- `esp32s2.bar.test_foo_bar`

We call this format the test case ID. The test case ID should be considered as the unique identifier of a test case. It is composed of the following parts:

- `esp32`: the target name

- `foo`: the config name

- `test_foo_bar`: the test function name

The test case ID is used to identify the test case in the JUnit report.

Note

Nearly all the CLI options of pytest-embedded supports parameterization. To see all supported CLI options, you may run `pytest --help` and check the `embedded-...` sections for vanilla pytest-embedded ones, and the `idf` sections for ESP-IDF specific ones.

Note

The target markers, like `@pytest.mark.esp32` and `@pytest.mark.esp32s2`, are actually syntactic sugar for parameterization. In fact they are defined as:

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
        'esp32',
        'esp32s2',
    ], indirect=True)

#### Same App With Different sdkconfig Files, Different Targets

For some test cases, you may need to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. These sdkconfig files supports different targets. We may use `pytest.param` to achieve this. Let's use the same folder structure as above.

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('config', [
        pytest.param('foo', marks=[pytest.mark.esp32]),
        pytest.param('bar', marks=[pytest.mark.esp32s2]),
    ], indirect=True)

Now this test function would be replicated to 2 test cases (represented as test case IDs):

- `esp32.foo.test_foo_bar`

- `esp32s2.bar.test_foo_bar`

### Testing Serial Output (Expecting)

To ensure that test has executed successfully on target, the test script can test that serial output of the target using the `dut.expect()` function, for example:

    def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
        dut.expect('\d+')  # <-- `expect`ing from a regex
        dut.expect_exact('Hello world!')  # <-- `expect_exact`ly the string

The `dut.expect(...)` will first compile the expected string into regex, which in turn is then used to seek through the serial output until the compiled regex is matched, or until a timeout occurs.

Please pay extra attention to the expected string when it contains regex keyword characters (e.g., parentheses, square brackets). Alternatively, you may use `dut.expect_exact(...)` that will attempt to match the string without converting it into regex.

For more information regarding the different types of `expect` functions, please refer to the pytest-embedded Expecting documentation.

### Multi-DUT Test Cases

#### Multi-Target Tests with the Same App

In some cases a test may involve multiple targets running the same test app. Parameterize `count` to the number of DUTs you want to test with.

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
        2,
    ], indirect=True)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
      'esp32|esp32s2',
      'esp32s3',
    ], indirect=True)
    def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
        dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
        dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

The `|` symbol in all parameterized items is used for separating the settings for each DUT. In this example, the test case would be tested with:

- esp32, esp32s2

- esp32s3, esp32s3

After setting the param `count` to 2, all the fixtures are changed into tuples.

Important

`count` is mandatory for multi-DUT tests.

Note

For detailed multi-dut parametrization documentation, please refer to pytest-embedded Multi-DUT documentation.

Warning

In some test scripts, you may see target markers like `@pytest.mark.esp32` and `@pytest.mark.esp32s2` used together with multi-DUT test cases. This is deprecated and should be replaced with the `target` parametrization.

For example,

    @pytest.mark.esp32
    @pytest.mark.esp32s2
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
        2,
    ], indirect=True)
    def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
        dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
        dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

should be replaced with:

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
        2,
    ], indirect=True)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
        'esp32',
        'esp32s2',
    ], indirect=True)
    def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
        dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
        dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

This could help avoid the ambiguity of the target markers when multi-DUT test cases are using different type of targets.

#### Multi-Target Tests with Different Apps

In some cases, a test may involve multiple targets running different test apps (e.g., separate targets to act as master and slave). Usually in ESP-IDF, the folder structure would be like this:

    .
    ├── master/
    │   ├── main/
    │   │   └── ...
    │   └── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── slave/
    │   ├── main/
    │   │   └── ...
    │   └── CMakeLists.txt
    └── pytest_master_slave.py

In this case, we can parameterize the `app_path` to the path of the test apps you want to test with.

    @pytest.mark.multi_dut_generic
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
        2,
    ], indirect=True)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('app_path, target', [
        (f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "master")}|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "slave")}', 'esp32|esp32s2'),
        (f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "master")}|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "slave")}', 'esp32s2|esp32'),
    ], indirect=True)
    def test_master_slave(dut) -> None:
        master = dut[0]
        slave = dut[1]

        master.write('Hello world!')
        slave.expect_exact('Hello world!')

Note

When parametrizing two items, like `app_path, target` here, make sure you're passing a list of tuples to the `parametrize` decorator. Each tuple should contain the values for each item.

The test case here will be replicated to 2 test cases:

- dut-0, an ESP32, running app `master`, and dut-1, an ESP32-S2, running app `slave`

- dut-0, an ESP32-S2, running app `master`, and dut-1, an ESP32, running app `slave`

### Test Cases with Unity Test Framework

We use the Unity test framework in our unit tests. Overall, we have three types of test cases (Unity test framework):

- Normal test cases (single DUT)

- Multi-stage test cases (single DUT)

- Multi-device test cases (multi-DUT)

All single-DUT test cases (including normal test cases and multi-stage test cases) can be run using the following command:

    def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
        dut.run_all_single_board_cases()

Using this command will skip all the test cases containing the `[ignore]` tag.

If you need to run a group of test cases, you may run:

    def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
        dut.run_all_single_board_cases(group='psram')

It would trigger all test cases with the `[psram]` tag.

If you need to run all test cases except for a specific groups, you may run:

    def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
        dut.run_all_single_board_cases(group='!psram')

This code will trigger all test cases except those with the [psram] tag.

If you need to run a group of test cases filtered by specific attributes, you may run:

    def test_rtc_xtal32k(dut: Dut) -> None:
        dut.run_all_single_board_cases(attributes={'test_env': 'xtal32k'})

This command will trigger all tests with the attribute `test_env` equal to `xtal32k`.

If you need to run tests by specific names, you may run:

    def test_dut_run_all_single_board_cases(dut):
        dut.run_all_single_board_cases(name=["normal_case1", "multiple_stages_test"])

This command will trigger `normal_case1` and `multiple_stages_test`

We also provide a fixture `case_tester` to trigger all kinds of test cases easier. For example:

    def test_unity_single_dut(case_tester):
        case_tester.run_all_normal_cases()       # to run all normal test cases
        case_tester.run_all_multi_dev_cases()    # to run all multi-device test cases
        case_tester.run_all_multi_stage_cases()  # to run all multi-stage test cases

For a full list of the available functions, please refer to pytest-embedded case_tester API reference.

## Running Target Tests in CI

The workflow in CI is as follows:

Target Test Child Pipeline Workflow

All build jobs and target test jobs are generated automatically by our CI script tools/ci/dynamic_pipelines.

### Build Jobs

In CI, all ESP-IDF projects under `components`, `examples`, and `tools/test_apps`, are built with all supported targets and sdkconfig files. The binaries are built under `build_<target>_<config>`. For example

    .
    ├── build_esp32_history/
    │   └── ...
    ├── build_esp32_nohistory/
    │   └── ...
    ├── build_esp32s2_history/
    │   └── ...
    ├── ...
    ├── main/
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── sdkconfig.ci.history
    ├── sdkconfig.ci.nohistory
    └── ...

There are two types of build jobs, `build_test_related_apps` and `build_non_test_related_apps`.

For `build_test_related_apps`, all the built binaries will be uploaded to our internal MinIO server. You may find the download link in the build report posted in the internal MR.

For `build_non_test_related_apps`, all the built binaries will be removed after the build job is finished. Only the build log files will be uploaded to our internal MinIO server. You may also find the download link in the build report posted in the internal MR.

### Target Test Jobs

In CI, all generated target test jobs are named according to the pattern "<targets> - <env_markers>". For example, single-dut test job `esp32 - generic`, or multi-dut test job `esp32,esp32 - multi_dut_generic`.

The binaries in the target test jobs are downloaded from our internal MinIO servers. For most of the test cases, only the files that are required by flash (like .bin files, flash_args files, etc) would be downloaded. For some test cases, like jtag test cases, .elf files are also downloaded.

## Running Tests Locally

### Installation

First you need to install ESP-IDF with additional Python requirements:

    $ cd $IDF_PATH
    $ bash install.sh --enable-ci --enable-pytest
    $ . ./export.sh

### Build Directories

By default, each test case looks for the required binary files in the following directories (in order):

- Directory set by `--build-dir` command line argument, if specified.

- `build_<target>_<sdkconfig>`

- `build_<target>`

- `build_<sdkconfig>`

- `build`

As long as one of the above directories exists, the test case uses that directory to flash the binaries. If none of the above directories exists, the test case fails with an error.

### Test Your Test Script

#### Single-DUT Test Cases With `sdkconfig.defaults`

This is the simplest use case. Let's take examples/get-started/hello_world as an example. Assume we're testing with a ESP32 board.

    $ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/get-started/hello_world
    $ idf.py set-target esp32 build
    $ pytest --target esp32

#### Single-DUT Test Cases With `sdkconfig.ci.xxx`

Some test cases may need to run with different sdkconfig files. Let's take examples/system/console/basic as an example. Assume we're testing with a ESP32 board, and test with `sdkconfig.ci.history`.

    $ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/system/console/basic
    $ idf.py -DSDKCONFIG_DEFAULTS='sdkconfig.defaults;sdkconfig.ci.history' -B build_esp32_history set-target esp32 build
    $ pytest --target esp32 -k "not nohistory"

Note

Here if we use `pytest --target esp32 -k history`, both test cases will be selected, since `pytest -k` will use string matching to filter the test cases.

If you want to build and test with all sdkconfig files at the same time, you should use our CI script as an helper script:

    $ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/system/console/basic
    $ python $IDF_PATH/tools/ci/ci_build_apps.py . --target esp32 -v --pytest-apps
    $ pytest --target esp32

The app with `sdkconfig.ci.history` will be built in `build_esp32_history`, and the app with `sdkconfig.ci.nohistory` will be built in `build_esp32_nohistory`. `pytest --target esp32` will run tests on both apps.

#### Multi-DUT Test Cases

Some test cases may need to run with multiple DUTs. Let's take examples/openthread as an example. The test case function looks like this:

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        'config, count, app_path, target', [
            ('rcp|cli_h2|br', 3,
             f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_rcp")}'
             f'|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_cli")}'
             f'|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_br")}',
             'esp32c6|esp32h2|esp32s3'),
        ],
        indirect=True,
    )
    def test_thread_connect(dut:Tuple[IdfDut, IdfDut, IdfDut]) -> None:
        ...

The test cases will run with

- ESP32-C6, flashed with `ot_rcp`

- ESP32-H2, flashed with `ot_cli`

- ESP32-S3, flashed with `ot_br`

Of course we can build the required binaries manually, but we can also use our CI script as an helper script:

    $ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/openthread
    $ python $IDF_PATH/tools/ci/ci_build_apps.py . --target all -v --pytest-apps -k test_thread_connect
    $ pytest --target esp32c6,esp32h2,esp32s3 -k test_thread_connect

Important

It is mandatory to list all the targets for multi-DUT test cases. Otherwise, the test case would fail with an error.

### Debug CI Test Cases

Sometimes you can't reproduce the CI test case failure locally. In this case, you may need to debug the test case with the binaries built in CI.

Run pytest with `--pipeline-id <pipeline_id>` to force pytest to download the binaries from CI. For example:

    $ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/get-started/hello_world
    $ pytest --target esp32 --pipeline-id 123456

Even if you have `build_esp32_default`, or `build` directory locally, pytest would still download the binaries from pipeline 123456 and place the binaries in `build_esp32_default`. Then run the test case with this binary.

Note

<pipeline_id> should be the parent pipeline id. You can copy it in your MR page.

## Pytest Tips & Tricks

### Custom Classes

Usually, you may want to write a custom class under these conditions:

1. Add more reusable functions for a certain number of DUTs.

2. Add custom setup and teardown functions

This code example is taken from panic/conftest.py .

    class PanicTestDut(IdfDut):
        ...

    @pytest.fixture(scope='module')
    def monkeypatch_module(request: FixtureRequest) -> MonkeyPatch:
        mp = MonkeyPatch()
        request.addfinalizer(mp.undo)
        return mp

    @pytest.fixture(scope='module', autouse=True)
    def replace_dut_class(monkeypatch_module: MonkeyPatch) -> None:
        monkeypatch_module.setattr('pytest_embedded_idf.dut.IdfDut', PanicTestDut)

`monkeypatch_module` provides a module-scoped monkeypatch fixture.

`replace_dut_class` is a module-scoped autouse fixture. This function replaces the `IdfDut` class with your custom class.

### Mark Flaky Tests

Certain test cases are based on Ethernet or Wi-Fi. However, the test may be flaky due to networking issues. Thus, it is possible to mark a particular test case as flaky.

This code example is taken from pytest_esp_eth.py .

    @pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=3, reruns_delay=5)
    def test_esp_eth_ip101(dut: IdfDut) -> None:
        ...

This flaky marker means that if the test function failed, the test case would rerun for a maximum of 3 times with 5 seconds delay.

### Mark Known Failures

Sometimes, a test can consistently fail for the following reasons:

- The feature under test (or the test itself) has a bug.

- The test environment is unstable (e.g., due to network issues) leading to a high failure ratio.

Now you may mark this test case with marker xfail with a user-friendly readable reason.

This code example is taken from pytest_panic.py

    @pytest.mark.xfail('config.getvalue("target") == "esp32s2"', reason='raised IllegalInstruction instead')
    def test_cache_error(dut: PanicTestDut, config: str, test_func_name: str) -> None:

This marker means that test is a known failure on the ESP32-S2.

### Mark Nightly Run Test Cases

Some test cases are only triggered in nightly run pipelines due to a lack of runners.

    @pytest.mark.nightly_run

This marker means that the test case would only be run with env var `NIGHTLY_RUN` or `INCLUDE_NIGHTLY_RUN`.

### Mark Temporarily Disabled in CI

Some test cases which can pass locally may need to be temporarily disabled in CI due to a lack of runners.

    @pytest.mark.temp_skip_ci(targets=['esp32', 'esp32s2'], reason='lack of runners')

This marker means that the test case could still be run locally with `pytest --target esp32`, but will not run in CI.

### Add New Markers

We are using two types of custom markers, target markers which indicate that the test cases should support this target, and env markers which indicate that the test cases should be assigned to runners with these tags in CI.

You can add new markers by adding one line under the conftest.py. If it is a target marker, it should be added into `TARGET_MARKERS`. If it is a marker that specifies a type of test environment, it should be added into `ENV_MARKERS`. The syntax should be: `<marker_name>: <marker_description>`.

### Skip Auto Flash Binary

Skipping auto-flash binary every time would be useful when you are debugging your test script.

You can call pytest with `--skip-autoflash y` to achieve it.

### Record Statistics

Sometimes you may need to record some statistics while running the tests, like the performance test statistics.

You can use record_xml_attribute fixture in your test script, and the statistics would be recorded as attributes in the JUnit report.

### Logging System

Sometimes you may need to add some extra logging lines while running the test cases.

You can use Python logging module to achieve this.

Here are some logging functions provided as fixtures,

#### `log_performance`

    def test_hello_world(
        dut: IdfDut,
        log_performance: Callable[[str, object], None],
    ) -> None:
        log_performance('test', 1)

The above example would log the performance item with pre-defined format: `[performance][test]: 1` and record it under the `properties` tag in the JUnit report if `--junitxml <filepath>` is specified. The JUnit test case node would look like:

    <testcase classname="examples.get-started.hello_world.pytest_hello_world" file="examples/get-started/hello_world/pytest_hello_world.py" line="13" name="esp32.default.test_hello_world" time="8.389">
        <properties>
            <property name="test" value="1"/>
        </properties>
    </testcase>

#### `check_performance`

We provide C macros `TEST_PERFORMANCE_LESS_THAN` and `TEST_PERFORMANCE_GREATER_THAN` to log the performance item and check if the value is in the valid range. Sometimes the performance item value could not be measured in C code, so we also provide a Python function for the same purpose. Please note that using C macros is the preferred approach, since the Python function could not recognize the threshold values of the same performance item under different `#ifdef` blocks well.

    def test_hello_world(
        dut: IdfDut,
        check_performance: Callable[[str, float, str], None],
    ) -> None:
        check_performance('RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP', 123, 'esp32')
        check_performance('RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP', 19001, 'esp32')

The above example would first get the threshold values of the performance item `RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP` from components/idf_test/include/idf_performance.h and the target-specific one components/idf_test/include/esp32/idf_performance_target.h, then check if the value reached the minimum limit or exceeded the maximum limit.

Let us assume the value of `IDF_PERFORMANCE_MAX_RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP` is 19000. so the first `check_performance` line would pass and the second one would fail with warning: `[Performance] RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP value is 19001, doesn\'t meet pass standard 19000.0`.

## Further Readings

- pytest documentation

- pytest-embedded documentation

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