# Wi-Fi Driver

[中文]

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Feature List

The following features are supported:

- 4 virtual Wi-Fi interfaces, which are STA, AP, Sniffer and reserved.

- Station-only mode, AP-only mode, station/AP-coexistence mode

- IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, and APIs to configure the protocol mode

- WPA/WPA2/WPA3/WPA2-Enterprise/WPA3-Enterprise/WAPI/WPS and DPP

- AMSDU, AMPDU, HT40, QoS, and other key features

- Modem-sleep

- The Espressif-specific ESP-NOW protocol and Long Range mode (only supported on 2.4 GHz band), which supports up to 1 km of data traffic

- Up to 20 MBit/s TCP throughput and 30 MBit/s UDP throughput over the air

- Sniffer

- Both fast scan and all-channel scan

- Multiple antennas

- Channel state information

- Individual TWT and Broadcast TWT

- Downlink MU-MIMO

- OFDMA

- BSS Color

- Wi-Fi Aware (NAN)

## How To Write a Wi-Fi Application

### Preparation

Generally, the most effective way to begin your own Wi-Fi application is to select an example which is similar to your own application, and port the useful part into your project. It is not a MUST, but it is strongly recommended that you take some time to read this article first, especially if you want to program a robust Wi-Fi application.

This article is supplementary to the Wi-Fi APIs/Examples. It describes the principles of using the Wi-Fi APIs, the limitations of the current Wi-Fi API implementation, and the most common pitfalls in using Wi-Fi. This article also reveals some design details of the Wi-Fi driver. We recommend you to select an example .

- wifi/getting_started/station demonstrates how to use the station functionality to connect to an AP.

- wifi/getting_started/softAP demonstrates how to use the SoftAP functionality to configure ESP32-C5 as an AP.

- wifi/scan demonstrates how to scan for available APs, configure the scan settings, and display the scan results.

- wifi/fast_scan demonstrates how to perform fast and all channel scans for nearby APs, set thresholds for signal strength and authentication modes, and connect to the best fitting AP based on signal strength and authentication mode.

- wifi/wps demonstrates how to use the WPS enrollee feature to simplify the process of connecting to a Wi-Fi router, with options for PIN or PBC modes.

- wifi/wps_softap_registrar demonstrates how to use the WPS registrar feature on SoftAP mode, simplifying the process of connecting to a Wi-Fi SoftAP from a station.

- wifi/smart_config demonstrates how to use the smartconfig feature to connect to a target AP using the ESPTOUCH app.

- wifi/power_save demonstrates how to use the power save mode in station mode.

- wifi/softap_sta demonstrates how to configure ESP32-C5 to function as both an AP and a station simultaneously, effectively enabling it to act as a Wi-Fi NAT router.

- wifi/iperf demonstrates how to implement the protocol used by the iPerf performance measurement tool, allowing for performance measurement between two chips or between a single chip and a computer running the iPerf tool, with specific instructions for testing station/soft-AP TCP/UDP RX/TX throughput.

- wifi/roaming/roaming_app demonstrates how to use the Wi-Fi Roaming App functionality to efficiently roam between compatible APs.

- wifi/roaming/roaming_11kvr demonstrates how to implement roaming using 11k and 11v APIs.

- wifi/itwt demonstrates how to use the iTWT feature, which only works in station mode and under different power save modes, with commands for setup, teardown, and suspend, and also shows the difference in current consumption when iTWT is enabled or disabled.

### Setting Wi-Fi Compile-time Options

Refer to Wi-Fi Menuconfig.

### Init Wi-Fi

Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi station General Scenario and ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario.

### Start/Connect Wi-Fi

Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi station General Scenario and ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario.

### Event-Handling

Generally, it is easy to write code in "sunny-day" scenarios, such as WIFI_EVENT_STA_START and WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED. The hard part is to write routines in "rainy-day" scenarios, such as WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED. Good handling of "rainy-day" scenarios is fundamental to robust Wi-Fi applications. Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Event Description, ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi station General Scenario, and ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario. See also the overview of the Event Loop Library in ESP-IDF.

### Write Error-Recovery Routines Correctly at All Times

Just like the handling of "rainy-day" scenarios, a good error-recovery routine is also fundamental to robust Wi-Fi applications. Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi API Error Code.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi API Error Code

All of the ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi APIs have well-defined return values, namely, the error code. The error code can be categorized into:

> - No errors, e.g., `ESP_OK` means that the API returns successfully.

> - Recoverable errors, such as `ESP_ERR_NO_MEM`.

> - Non-recoverable, non-critical errors.

> - Non-recoverable, critical errors.

Whether the error is critical or not depends on the API and the application scenario, and it is defined by the API user.

The primary principle to write a robust application with Wi-Fi API is to always check the error code and write the error-handling code. Generally, the error-handling code can be used:

> - For recoverable errors, in which case you can write a recoverable-error code. For example, when `esp_wifi_start()` returns `ESP_ERR_NO_MEM`, the recoverable-error code vTaskDelay can be called in order to get a microseconds' delay for another try.

> - For non-recoverable, yet non-critical errors, in which case printing the error code is a good method for error handling.

> - For non-recoverable and also critical errors, in which case "assert" may be a good method for error handling. For example, if `esp_wifi_set_mode()` returns `ESP_ERR_WIFI_NOT_INIT`, it means that the Wi-Fi driver is not initialized by `esp_wifi_init()` successfully. You can detect this kind of error very quickly in the application development phase.

In esp_common/include/esp_err.h, `ESP_ERROR_CHECK` checks the return values. It is a rather commonplace error-handling code and can be used as the default error-handling code in the application development phase. However, it is strongly recommended that API users write their own error-handling code.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi API Parameter Initialization

When initializing struct parameters for the API, one of two approaches should be followed:

- Explicitly set all fields of the parameter.

- Use get API to get current configuration first, then set application specific fields.

Initializing or getting the entire structure is very important, because most of the time the value 0 indicates that the default value is used. More fields may be added to the struct in the future and initializing these to zero ensures the application will still work correctly after ESP-IDF is updated to a new release.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Programming Model

The ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi programming model is depicted as follows:

Wi-Fi Programming Model

The Wi-Fi driver can be considered a black box that knows nothing about high-layer code, such as the TCP/IP stack, application task, and event task. The application task (code) generally calls Wi-Fi driver APIs to initialize Wi-Fi and handles Wi-Fi events when necessary. Wi-Fi driver receives API calls, handles them, and posts events to the application.

Wi-Fi event handling is based on the esp_event library. Events are sent by the Wi-Fi driver to the default event loop. Application may handle these events in callbacks registered using `esp_event_handler_register()`. Wi-Fi events are also handled by esp_netif component to provide a set of default behaviors. For example, when Wi-Fi station connects to an AP, esp_netif will automatically start the DHCP client by default.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Event Description

### WIFI_EVENT_WIFI_READY

The Wi-Fi driver will never generate this event, which, as a result, can be ignored by the application event callback. This event may be removed in future releases.

### WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE

The scan-done event is triggered by `esp_wifi_scan_start()` and will arise in the following scenarios:

> - The scan is completed, e.g., the target AP is found successfully, or all channels have been scanned.

> - The scan is stopped by `esp_wifi_scan_stop()`.

> - The `esp_wifi_scan_start()` is called before the scan is completed. A new scan will override the current scan and a scan-done event will be generated.

The scan-done event will not arise in the following scenarios:

> - It is a blocked scan.

> - The scan is caused by `esp_wifi_connect()`.

Upon receiving this event, the event task does nothing. The application event callback needs to call `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_num()` and `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()` to fetch the scanned AP list and trigger the Wi-Fi driver to free the internal memory which is allocated during the scan (do not forget to do this!). Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Scan for a more detailed description.

### WIFI_EVENT_STA_START

If `esp_wifi_start()` returns `ESP_OK` and the current Wi-Fi mode is station or station/AP, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will initialize the LwIP network interface (netif). Generally, the application event callback needs to call `esp_wifi_connect()` to connect to the configured AP.

### WIFI_EVENT_STA_STOP

If `esp_wifi_stop()` returns `ESP_OK` and the current Wi-Fi mode is station or station/AP, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will release the station's IP address, stop the DHCP client, remove TCP/UDP-related connections, and clear the LwIP station netif, etc. The application event callback generally does not need to do anything.

### WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED

If `esp_wifi_connect()` returns `ESP_OK` and the station successfully connects to the target AP, the connection event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task starts the DHCP client and begins the DHCP process of getting the IP address. Then, the Wi-Fi driver is ready for sending and receiving data. This moment is good for beginning the application work, provided that the application does not depend on LwIP, namely the IP address. However, if the application is LwIP-based, then you need to wait until the got ip event comes in.

### WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED

This event can be generated in the following scenarios:

> - When `esp_wifi_disconnect()` or `esp_wifi_stop()` is called and the station is already connected to the AP.

> - When `esp_wifi_connect()` is called, but the Wi-Fi driver fails to set up a connection with the AP due to certain reasons, e.g., the scan fails to find the target AP or the authentication times out. If there are more than one AP with the same SSID, the disconnected event will be raised after the station fails to connect all of the found APs.

> - When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted because of specific reasons, e.g., the station continuously loses N beacons, the AP kicks off the station, or the AP's authentication mode is changed.

Upon receiving this event, the default behaviors of the event task are:

- Shutting down the station's LwIP netif.

- Notifying the LwIP task to clear the UDP/TCP connections which cause the wrong status to all sockets. For socket-based applications, the application callback can choose to close all sockets and re-create them, if necessary, upon receiving this event.

The most common event handle code for this event in application is to call `esp_wifi_connect()` to reconnect the Wi-Fi. However, if the event is raised because `esp_wifi_disconnect()` is called, the application should not call `esp_wifi_connect()` to reconnect. It is the application's responsibility to distinguish whether the event is caused by `esp_wifi_disconnect()` or other reasons. Sometimes a better reconnection strategy is required. Refer to Wi-Fi Reconnect and Scan When Wi-Fi Is Connecting.

Another thing that deserves attention is that the default behavior of LwIP is to abort all TCP socket connections on receiving the disconnect. In most cases, it is not a problem. However, for some special applications, this may not be what they want. Consider the following scenarios:

- The application creates a TCP connection to maintain the application-level keep-alive data that is sent out every 60 seconds.

- Due to certain reasons, the Wi-Fi connection is cut off, and the WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED is raised. According to the current implementation, all TCP connections will be removed and the keep-alive socket will be in a wrong status. However, since the application designer believes that the network layer should ignore this error at the Wi-Fi layer, the application does not close the socket.

- Five seconds later, the Wi-Fi connection is restored because `esp_wifi_connect()` is called in the application event callback function. Moreover, the station connects to the same AP and gets the same IPV4 address as before.

- Sixty seconds later, when the application sends out data with the keep-alive socket, the socket returns an error and the application closes the socket and re-creates it when necessary.

In above scenarios, ideally, the application sockets and the network layer should not be affected, since the Wi-Fi connection only fails temporarily and recovers very quickly.

### IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP

This event arises when the DHCP client successfully gets the IPV4 address from the DHCP server, or when the IPV4 address is changed. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks (e.g., creating sockets).

The IPV4 may be changed because of the following reasons:

> - The DHCP client fails to renew/rebind the IPV4 address, and the station's IPV4 is reset to 0.

> - The DHCP client rebinds to a different address.

> - The static-configured IPV4 address is changed.

Whether the IPV4 address is changed or not is indicated by the field `ip_change` of `ip_event_got_ip_t`.

The socket is based on the IPV4 address, which means that, if the IPV4 changes, all sockets relating to this IPV4 will become abnormal. Upon receiving this event, the application needs to close all sockets and recreate the application when the IPV4 changes to a valid one.

### IP_EVENT_GOT_IP6

This event arises when the IPV6 SLAAC support auto-configures an address for the ESP32-C5, or when this address changes. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks, e.g., creating sockets.

### IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP

This event arises when the IPV4 address becomes invalid.

IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP does not arise immediately after the Wi-Fi disconnects. Instead, it starts an IPV4 address lost timer. If the IPV4 address is got before ip lost timer expires, IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP does not happen. Otherwise, the event arises when the IPV4 address lost timer expires.

Generally, the application can ignore this event, because it is just a debug event to inform that the IPV4 address is lost.

### WIFI_EVENT_AP_START

Similar to WIFI_EVENT_STA_START.

### WIFI_EVENT_AP_STOP

Similar to WIFI_EVENT_STA_STOP.

### WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED

Every time a station is connected to ESP32-C5 AP, the WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will do nothing, and the application callback can also ignore it. However, you may want to do something, for example, to get the info of the connected STA.

### WIFI_EVENT_AP_STADISCONNECTED

This event can happen in the following scenarios:

> - The application calls `esp_wifi_disconnect()`, or `esp_wifi_deauth_sta()`, to manually disconnect the station.

> - The Wi-Fi driver kicks off the station, e.g., because the AP has not received any packets in the past five minutes. The time can be modified by `esp_wifi_set_inactive_time()`.

> - The station kicks off the AP.

When this event happens, the event task will do nothing, but the application event callback needs to do something, e.g., close the socket which is related to this station.

### WIFI_EVENT_AP_PROBEREQRECVED

This event is disabled by default. The application can enable it via API `esp_wifi_set_event_mask()`. When this event is enabled, it will be raised each time the AP receives a probe request.

### WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT

If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT will arise. The application can set inactive time via API `esp_wifi_set_inactive_time()`.

### WIFI_EVENT_CONNECTIONLESS_MODULE_WAKE_INTERVAL_START

The WIFI_EVENT_CONNECTIONLESS_MODULE_WAKE_INTERVAL_START will arise at the start of connectionless module Interval. See connectionless module power save.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Station General Scenario

Below is a "big scenario" which describes some small scenarios in station mode:

Sample Wi-Fi Event Scenarios in Station Mode

### 1. Wi-Fi/LwIP Init Phase

> - s1.1: The main task calls `esp_netif_init()` to create an LwIP core task and initialize LwIP-related work.

> - s1.2: The main task calls `esp_event_loop_create()` to create a system Event task and initialize an application event's callback function. In the scenario above, the application event's callback function does nothing but relaying the event to the application task.

> - s1.3: The main task calls `esp_netif_create_default_wifi_ap()` or `esp_netif_create_default_wifi_sta()` to create default network interface instance binding station or AP with TCP/IP stack.

> - s1.4: The main task calls `esp_wifi_init()` to create the Wi-Fi driver task and initialize the Wi-Fi driver.

> - s1.5: The main task calls OS API to create the application task.

Step 1.1 ~ 1.5 is a recommended sequence that initializes a Wi-Fi-/LwIP-based application. However, it is NOT a must-follow sequence, which means that you can create the application task in step 1.1 and put all other initialization in the application task. Moreover, you may not want to create the application task in the initialization phase if the application task depends on the sockets. Rather, you can defer the task creation until the IP is obtained.

### 2. Wi-Fi Configuration Phase

Once the Wi-Fi driver is initialized, you can start configuring the Wi-Fi driver. In this scenario, the mode is station, so you may need to call `esp_wifi_set_mode()` (WIFI_MODE_STA) to configure the Wi-Fi mode as station. You can call other esp_wifi_set_xxx APIs to configure more settings, such as the protocol mode, the country code, and the bandwidth. Refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Configuration.

Generally, the Wi-Fi driver should be configured before the Wi-Fi connection is set up. But this is NOT mandatory, which means that you can configure the Wi-Fi connection anytime, provided that the Wi-Fi driver is initialized successfully. However, if the configuration does not need to change after the Wi-Fi connection is set up, you should configure the Wi-Fi driver at this stage, because the configuration APIs (such as `esp_wifi_set_protocol()`) will cause the Wi-Fi to reconnect, which may not be desirable.

If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled by menuconfig, all Wi-Fi configuration in this phase, or later phases, will be stored into flash. When the board powers on/reboots, you do not need to configure the Wi-Fi driver from scratch. You only need to call `esp_wifi_get_xxx` APIs to fetch the configuration stored in flash previously. You can also configure the Wi-Fi driver if the previous configuration is not what you want.

### 3. Wi-Fi Start Phase

> - s3.1: Call `esp_wifi_start()` to start the Wi-Fi driver.

> - s3.2: The Wi-Fi driver posts WIFI_EVENT_STA_START to the event task; then, the event task will do some common things and will call the application event callback function.

> - s3.3: The application event callback function relays the WIFI_EVENT_STA_START to the application task. We recommend that you call `esp_wifi_connect()`. However, you can also call `esp_wifi_connect()` in other phrases after the WIFI_EVENT_STA_START arises.

### 4. Wi-Fi Connect Phase

> - s4.1: Once `esp_wifi_connect()` is called, the Wi-Fi driver will start the internal scan/connection process.

> - s4.2: If the internal scan/connection process is successful, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED will be generated. In the event task, it starts the DHCP client, which will finally trigger the DHCP process.

> - s4.3: In the above-mentioned scenario, the application event callback will relay the event to the application task. Generally, the application needs to do nothing, and you can do whatever you want, e.g., print a log.

In step 4.2, the Wi-Fi connection may fail because, for example, the password is wrong, or the AP is not found. In a case like this, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason for such a failure will be provided. For handling events that disrupt Wi-Fi connection, please refer to phase 6.

### 5. Wi-Fi 'Got IP' Phase

> - s5.1: Once the DHCP client is initialized in step 4.2, the got IP phase will begin.

> - s5.2: If the IP address is successfully received from the DHCP server, then IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP will arise and the event task will perform common handling.

> - s5.3: In the application event callback, IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is relayed to the application task. For LwIP-based applications, this event is very special and means that everything is ready for the application to begin its tasks, e.g., creating the TCP/UDP socket. A very common mistake is to initialize the socket before IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is received. DO NOT start the socket-related work before the IP is received.

### 6. Wi-Fi Disconnect Phase

> - s6.1: When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted, e.g., the AP is powered off or the RSSI is poor, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise. This event may also arise in phase 3. Here, the event task will notify the LwIP task to clear/remove all UDP/TCP connections. Then, all application sockets will be in a wrong status. In other words, no socket can work properly when this event happens.

> - s6.2: In the scenario described above, the application event callback function relays WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED to the application task. The recommended actions are: 1) call `esp_wifi_connect()` to reconnect the Wi-Fi, 2) close all sockets, and 3) re-create them if necessary. For details, please refer to WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

### 7. Wi-Fi IP Change Phase

> - s7.1: If the IP address is changed, the IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP will arise with "ip_change" set to true.

> - s7.2: This event is important to the application. When it occurs, the timing is good for closing all created sockets and recreating them.

### 8. Wi-Fi Deinit Phase

> - s8.1: Call `esp_wifi_disconnect()` to disconnect the Wi-Fi connectivity.

> - s8.2: Call `esp_wifi_stop()` to stop the Wi-Fi driver.

> - s8.3: Call `esp_wifi_deinit()` to unload the Wi-Fi driver.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario

Below is a "big scenario" which describes some small scenarios in AP mode:

> Sample Wi-Fi Event Scenarios in AP Mode

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Scan

Currently, the `esp_wifi_scan_start()` API is supported only in station or station/AP mode.

### Scan Type

Mode | Description
--- | ---
Active Scan | Scan by sending a probe request. The default scan is an active scan.
Passive Scan | No probe request is sent out. Just switch to the specific channel and wait for a beacon. Application can enable it via the scan_type field of `wifi_scan_config_t`.
Foreground Scan | This scan is applicable when there is no Wi-Fi connection in station mode. Foreground or background scanning is controlled by the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
Background Scan | This scan is applicable when there is a Wi-Fi connection in station mode or in station/AP mode. Whether it is a foreground scan or background scan depends on the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
All-Channel Scan | It scans all of the channels. If the channel field of `wifi_scan_config_t` is set to 0, it is an all-channel scan.
Specific Channel Scan | It scans specific channels only. If the channel field of `wifi_scan_config_t` set to 1-14, it is a specific-channel scan.

The scan modes in above table can be combined arbitrarily, so there are in total 8 different scans:

> - All-Channel Background Active Scan

> - All-Channel Background Passive Scan

> - All-Channel Foreground Active Scan

> - All-Channel Foreground Passive Scan

> - Specific-Channel Background Active Scan

> - Specific-Channel Background Passive Scan

> - Specific-Channel Foreground Active Scan

> - Specific-Channel Foreground Passive Scan

### Scan Configuration

The scan type and other per-scan attributes are configured by `esp_wifi_scan_start()`. The table below provides a detailed description of `wifi_scan_config_t`.

Field | Description
--- | ---
ssid | If the SSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same SSID that can be scanned.
bssid | If the BSSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same BSSID that can be scanned.
channel | If “channel” is 0, there will be an all-channel scan; otherwise, there will be a specific-channel scan.
show_hidden | If “show_hidden” is 0, the scan ignores the AP with a hidden SSID; otherwise, the scan considers the hidden AP a normal one.
scan_type | If “scan_type” is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, the scan is “active”; otherwise, it is a “passive” one.
scan_time | This field is used to control how long the scan dwells on each channel. For passive scans, scan_time.passive designates the dwell time for each channel. For active scans, dwell times for each channel are listed in the table below. Here, min is short for scan time.active.min and max is short for scan_time.active.max. min=0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms. min>0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms. min=0, max>0: scan dwells on each channel for `max` ms. min>0, max>0: the minimum time the scan dwells on each channel is `min` ms. If no AP is found during this time frame, the scan switches to the next channel. Otherwise, the scan dwells on the channel for `max` ms. If you want to improve the performance of the scan, you can try to modify these two parameters.

There are also some global scan attributes which are configured by API `esp_wifi_set_config()`, refer to Station Basic Configuration

### Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground)

Scenario:

Foreground Scan of all Wi-Fi Channels

The scenario above describes an all-channel, foreground scan. The foreground scan can only occur in station mode where the station does not connect to any AP. Whether it is a foreground or background scan is totally determined by the Wi-Fi driver, and cannot be configured by the application.

Detailed scenario description:

#### Scan Configuration Phase

> - s1.1: Call `esp_wifi_set_country()` to set the country info if the default country info is not what you want. Refer to Wi-Fi Country Code.

> - s1.2: Call `esp_wifi_scan_start()` to configure the scan. To do so, you can refer to Scan Configuration. Since this is an all-channel scan, just set the SSID/BSSID/channel to 0.

#### Wi-Fi Driver's Internal Scan Phase

> - s2.1: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 1. In this case, the scan type is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, and a probe request is broadcasted. Otherwise, the Wi-Fi will wait for a beacon from the APs. The Wi-Fi driver will stay in channel 1 for some time. The dwell time is configured in min/max time, with the default value being 120 ms.

> - s2.2: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 2 and performs the same operation as in step 2.1.

> - s2.3: The Wi-Fi driver scans the last channel N, where N is determined by the country code which is configured in step 1.1.

#### Scan-Done Event Handling Phase

> - s3.1: When all channels are scanned, WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE will arise.

> - s3.2: The application's event callback function notifies the application task that WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE is received. `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_num()` is called to get the number of APs that have been found in this scan. Then, it allocates enough entries and calls `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()` to get the AP records. Please note that the AP records in the Wi-Fi driver will be freed once `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()` is called. Do not call `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()` twice for a single scan-done event. If `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()` is not called when the scan-done event occurs, the AP records allocated by the Wi-Fi driver will not be freed. So, make sure you call `esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records()`, yet only once.

### Scan All APs on All Channels (Background)

Scenario:

Background Scan of all Wi-Fi Channels

The scenario above is an all-channel background scan. Compared to Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground) , the difference in the all-channel background scan is that the Wi-Fi driver will scan the back-to-home channel for 30 ms before it switches to the next channel to give the Wi-Fi connection a chance to transmit/receive data.

### Scan for Specific AP on All Channels

Scenario:

Scan of specific Wi-Fi Channels

This scan is similar to Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground). The differences are:

> - s1.1: In step 1.2, the target AP will be configured to SSID/BSSID.

> - s2.1 ~ s2.N: Each time the Wi-Fi driver scans an AP, it will check whether it is a target AP or not. If the scan is `WIFI_FAST_SCAN` scan and the target AP is found, then the scan-done event will arise and scanning will end; otherwise, the scan will continue. Please note that the first scanned channel may not be channel 1, because the Wi-Fi driver optimizes the scanning sequence.

It is a possible situation that there are multiple APs that match the target AP info, e.g., two APs with the SSID of "ap" are scanned. In this case, if the scan is `WIFI_FAST_SCAN`, then only the first scanned "ap" will be found. If the scan is `WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN`, both "ap" will be found and the station will connect the "ap" according to the configured strategy. Refer to Station Basic Configuration.

You can scan a specific AP, or all of them, in any given channel. These two scenarios are very similar.

### Scan in Wi-Fi Connect

When `esp_wifi_connect()` is called, the Wi-Fi driver will try to scan the configured AP first. The scan in "Wi-Fi Connect" is the same as Scan for Specific AP On All Channels, except that no scan-done event will be generated when the scan is completed. If the target AP is found, the Wi-Fi driver will start the Wi-Fi connection; otherwise, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will be generated. Refer to Scan for Specific AP On All Channels.

### Scan in Blocked Mode

If the block parameter of `esp_wifi_scan_start()` is true, then the scan is a blocked one, and the application task will be blocked until the scan is done. The blocked scan is similar to an unblocked one, except that no scan-done event will arise when the blocked scan is completed.

### Parallel Scan

Two application tasks may call `esp_wifi_scan_start()` at the same time, or the same application task calls `esp_wifi_scan_start()` before it gets a scan-done event. Both scenarios can happen. However, the Wi-Fi driver does not support multiple concurrent scans adequately. As a result, concurrent scans should be avoided. Support for concurrent scan will be enhanced in future releases, as the ESP32-C5's Wi-Fi functionality improves continuously.

### Scan When Wi-Fi Is Connecting

The `esp_wifi_scan_start()` fails immediately if the Wi-Fi is connecting, because the connecting has higher priority than the scan. If scan fails because of connecting, the recommended strategy is to delay for some time and retry scan again. The scan will succeed once the connecting is completed.

However, the retry/delay strategy may not work all the time. Considering the following scenarios:

- The station is connecting a non-existing AP or it connects the existing AP with a wrong password, it always raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

- The application calls `esp_wifi_connect()` to reconnect on receiving the disconnect event.

- Another application task, e.g., the console task, calls `esp_wifi_scan_start()` to do scan, the scan always fails immediately because the station keeps connecting.

- When scan fails, the application simply delays for some time and retries the scan.

In the above scenarios, the scan will never succeed because the connecting is in process. So if the application supports similar scenario, it needs to implement a better reconnection strategy. For example:

- The application can choose to define a maximum continuous reconnection counter and stop reconnecting once the counter reaches the maximum.

- The application can choose to reconnect immediately in the first N continuous reconnection, then give a delay sometime and reconnect again.

The application can define its own reconnection strategy to avoid the scan starve to death. Refer to <Wi-Fi Reconnect>.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Station Connecting Scenario

This scenario depicts the case if only one target AP is found in the scan phase. For scenarios where more than one AP with the same SSID is found, refer to ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Station Connecting When Multiple APs Are Found.

Generally, the application can ignore the connecting process. Below is a brief introduction to the process for those who are really interested.

Scenario:

Wi-Fi Station Connecting Process

### Scan Phase

> - s1.1: The Wi-Fi driver begins scanning in "Wi-Fi Connect". Refer to Scan in Wi-Fi Connect for more details.

> - s1.2: If the scan fails to find the target AP, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code could either be `WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND` or `WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_W_COMPATIBLE_SECURITY` or `WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_IN_AUTHMODE_THRESHOLD` or `WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD` depending of the Station's configuration. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

### Auth Phase

> - s2.1: The authentication request packet is sent and the auth timer is enabled.

> - s2.2: If the authentication response packet is not received before the authentication timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be `WIFI_REASON_AUTH_EXPIRE`. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

> - s2.3: The auth-response packet is received and the auth-timer is stopped.

> - s2.4: The AP rejects authentication in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason code is `WIFI_REASON_AUTH_FAIL` or the reasons specified by the AP. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

### Association Phase

> - s3.1: The association request is sent and the association timer is enabled.

> - s3.2: If the association response is not received before the association timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be `WIFI_REASON_DISASSOC_DUE_TO_INACTIVITY`. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

> - s3.3: The association response is received and the association timer is stopped.

> - s3.4: The AP rejects the association in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason code is the one specified in the association response. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

### Four-way Handshake Phase

> - s4.1: The handshake timer is enabled, and the 1/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires. WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be `WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT`. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

> - s4.2: The 1/4 EAPOL is received.

> - s4.3: The station replies 2/4 EAPOL.

> - s4.4: If the 3/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason code will be `WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT`. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

> - s4.5: The 3/4 EAPOL is received.

> - s4.6: The station replies 4/4 EAPOL.

> - s4.7: The station raises WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED.

### Wi-Fi Reason Code

The table below shows the reason-code defined in ESP32-C5. The first column is the macro name defined in esp_wifi/include/esp_wifi_types.h. The common prefix `WIFI_REASON` is removed, which means that `UNSPECIFIED` actually stands for `WIFI_REASON_UNSPECIFIED` and so on. The second column is the value of the reason. This reason value is same as defined in section 9.4.1.7 of IEEE 802.11-2020. (For more information, refer to the standard mentioned above.) The last column describes the reason. Reason-codes starting from 200 are Espressif defined reason-codes and are not part of IEEE 802.11-2020.

Also note that REASON_NO_AP_FOUND_XXX codes are mentioned in increasing order of importance. So if a single AP has a combination of the above reasons for failure, the more important one will be reported. Additionally, if there are multiple APs that satisfy the identifying criteria and connecting to all of them fails for different reasons mentioned above, then the reason code reported is for the AP that failed connection due to the least important reason code, as it was the one closest to a successful connection.

Following reason codes are renamed to their shorter form to wrap the table in page width.

- TRANSMISSION_LINK_ESTABLISHMENT_FAILED : TX_LINK_EST_FAILED

- NO_AP_FOUND_W_COMPATIBLE_SECURITY : NO_AP_FOUND_SECURITY

- NO_AP_FOUND_IN_AUTHMODE_THRESHOLD : NO_AP_FOUND_AUTHMODE

- NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD : NO_AP_FOUND_RSSI

Reason code | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
UNSPECIFIED | 1 | Generally, it means an internal failure, e.g., the memory runs out, the internal TX fails, or the reason is received from the remote side.
AUTH_EXPIRE | 2 | The previous authentication is no longer valid. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: auth is timed out. the reason is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP has not received any packets from the station in the past five minutes. the AP is stopped by calling `esp_wifi_stop()`. the station is de-authed by calling `esp_wifi_deauth_sta()`.
AUTH_LEAVE | 3 | De-authenticated, because the sending station is leaving (or has left). For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
DISASSOC_DUE_TO_INACTIVITY | 4 | Disassociated due to inactivity. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: assoc is timed out. it is received from the AP.
ASSOC_TOOMANY | 5 | Disassociated, because the AP is unable to handle all currently associated STAs at the same time. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the stations associated with the AP reach the maximum number that the AP can support.
CLASS2_FRAME_FROM_NONAUTH_STA | 6 | Class-2 frame received from a non-authenticated STA. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives a packet with data from a non-authenticated station.
CLASS3_FRAME_FROM_NONASSOC_STA | 7 | Class-3 frame received from a non-associated STA. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives a packet with data from a non-associated station.
ASSOC_LEAVE | 8 | Disassociated, because the sending station is leaving (or has left) BSS. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. the station is disconnected by `esp_wifi_disconnect()` and other APIs.
ASSOC_NOT_AUTHED | 9 | station requesting (re)association is not authenticated by the responding STA. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives packets with data from an associated, yet not authenticated, station.
DISASSOC_PWRCAP_BAD | 10 | Disassociated, because the information in the Power Capability element is unacceptable. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
DISASSOC_SUPCHAN_BAD | 11 | Disassociated, because the information in the Supported Channels element is unacceptable. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
BSS_TRANSITION_DISASSOC | 12 | AP wants us to move to another AP, sent as a part of BTM procedure. Please note that when station is sending BTM request and moving to another AP, ROAMING reason code will be reported instead of this. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
IE_INVALID | 13 | Invalid element, i.e., an element whose content does not meet the specifications of the Standard in frame formats clause. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP parses a wrong WPA or RSN IE.
MIC_FAILURE | 14 | Message integrity code (MIC) failure. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 15 | Four-way handshake times out. For legacy reasons, in ESP this reason code is replaced with `WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT`. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: the handshake times out. it is received from the AP.
GROUP_KEY_UPDATE_TIMEOUT | 16 | Group-Key Handshake times out. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
IE_IN_4WAY_DIFFERS | 17 | The element in the four-way handshake is different from the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. the station finds that the four-way handshake IE differs from the IE in the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame.
GROUP_CIPHER_INVALID | 18 | Invalid group cipher. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
PAIRWISE_CIPHER_INVALID | 19 | Invalid pairwise cipher. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
AKMP_INVALID | 20 | Invalid AKMP. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: - it is received from the AP.
UNSUPP_RSN_IE_VERSION | 21 | Unsupported RSNE version. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
INVALID_RSN_IE_CAP | 22 | Invalid RSNE capabilities. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
802_1X_AUTH_FAILED | 23 | IEEE 802.1X. authentication failed. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: IEEE 802.1X. authentication fails.
CIPHER_SUITE_REJECTED | 24 | Cipher suite rejected due to security policies. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
TDLS_PEER_UNREACHABLE | 25 | TDLS direct-link teardown due to TDLS peer STA unreachable via the TDLS direct link.
TDLS_UNSPECIFIED | 26 | TDLS direct-link teardown for unspecified reason.
SSP_REQUESTED_DISASSOC | 27 | Disassociated because session terminated by SSP request.
NO_SSP_ROAMING_AGREEMENT | 28 | Disassociated because of lack of SSP roaming agreement.
BAD_CIPHER_OR_AKM | 29 | Requested service rejected because of SSP cipher suite or AKM requirement.
NOT_AUTHORIZED_THIS_LOCATION | 30 | Requested service not authorized in this location.
SERVICE_CHANGE_PRECLUDES_TS | 31 | TS deleted because QoS AP lacks sufficient bandwidth for this QoS STA due to a change in BSS service characteristics or operational mode (e.g., an HT BSS change from 40 MHz channel to 20 MHz channel).
UNSPECIFIED_QOS | 32 | Disassociated for unspecified, QoS-related reason.
NOT_ENOUGH_BANDWIDTH | 33 | Disassociated because QoS AP lacks sufficient bandwidth for this QoS STA.
MISSING_ACKS | 34 | Disassociated because excessive number of frames need to be acknowledged, but are not acknowledged due to AP transmissions and/or poor channel conditions.
EXCEEDED_TXOP | 35 | Disassociated because STA is transmitting outside the limits of its TXOPs.
STA_LEAVING | 36 | Requesting STA is leaving the BSS (or resetting).
END_BA | 37 | Requesting STA is no longer using the stream or session.
UNKNOWN_BA | 38 | Requesting STA received frames using a mechanism for which a setup has not been completed.
TIMEOUT | 39 | Requested from peer STA due to timeout
Reserved | 40 ~ 45 | Reserved as per IEEE80211-2020 specifications.
PEER_INITIATED | 46 | In a Disassociation frame: Disassociated because authorized access limit reached.
AP_INITIATED | 47 | In a Disassociation frame: Disassociated due to external service requirements.
INVALID_FT_ACTION_FRAME_COUNT | 48 | Invalid FT Action frame count.
INVALID_PMKID | 49 | Invalid pairwise master key identifier (PMKID).
INVALID_MDE | 50 | Invalid MDE.
INVALID_FTE | 51 | Invalid FTE
TX_LINK_EST_FAILED | 67 | TRANSMISSION_LINK_ESTABLISHMENT_FAILED will be reported when Transmission link establishment in alternative channel failed.
ALTERATIVE_CHANNEL_OCCUPIED | 68 | The alternative channel is occupied.
BEACON_TIMEOUT | 200 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: when the station loses N beacons continuously, it will disrupt the connection and report this reason.
NO_AP_FOUND | 201 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: when the station fails to scan the target AP, this reason code will be reported. In case of security mismatch or station's configuration mismatch, new reason codes NO_AP_FOUND_XXX will be reported.
AUTH_FAIL | 202 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the authentication fails, but not because of a timeout.
ASSOC_FAIL | 203 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the association fails, but not because of DISASSOC_DUE_TO_INACTIVITY or ASSOC_TOOMANY.
HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 204 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the handshake fails for the same reason as that in WIFI_REASON_4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT.
CONNECTION_FAIL | 205 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the connection to the AP has failed.
AP_TSF_RESET | 206 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the disconnection happened due to AP's TSF reset.
ROAMING | 207 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: the station is roaming to another AP, this reason code is just for info, station will automatically move to another AP.
ASSOC_COMEBACK_TIME_TOO_LONG | 208 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: This reason code will be reported when Assoc comeback time in association response is too high.
SA_QUERY_TIMEOUT | 209 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: This reason code will be reported when AP did not reply of SA query sent by ESP station.
NO_AP_FOUND_SECURITY | 210 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_W_COMPATIBLE_SECURITY will be reported if an AP that fits identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the connection is rejected due to incompatible security configuration. These situations could be: The Access Point is offering WEP security, but our station's password is not WEP-compliant. The station is configured in Open mode; however, the Access Point is broadcasting in secure mode. The Access Point uses Enterprise security, but we haven't set up the corresponding enterprise configuration, and vice versa. SAE-PK is configured in the station configuration, but the Access Point does not support SAE-PK. SAE-H2E is configured in the station configuration; however, the AP only supports WPA3-PSK or WPA3-WPA2-PSK. The station is configured in secure mode (Password or Enterprise mode); however, an Open AP is found during the scan. SAE HnP is configured in the station configuration; however, the AP supports H2E only. H2E is disabled in the station configuration; however, the AP is WPA3-EXT-PSK, which requires H2E support. The Access Point requires PMF, but the station is not configured for PMF capable/required. The station configuration requires PMF, but the AP is not configured for PMF capable/required. The Access Point is using unsupported group management/pairwise ciphers. OWE is not enabled in the station configuration, but the discovered AP is using OWE only mode. The Access Point is broadcasting an invalid RSNXE in its beacons. The Access Point is in Independent BSS mode.
NO_AP_FOUND_AUTHMODE | 211 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_IN_AUTHMODE_THRESHOLD will be reported if an AP that fit identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the authmode threhsold set in the wifi_config_t is not met.
NO_AP_FOUND_RSSI | 212 | Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason code: NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD will be reported if an AP that fits identifying criteria (e.g. ssid) is found but the RSSI threhsold set in the wifi_config_t is not met.

### Wi-Fi Reason code related to wrong password

The table below shows the Wi-Fi reason-code may related to wrong password.

Reason code | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 15 | Four-way handshake times out. Setting wrong password when STA connecting to an encrypted AP.
NO_AP_FOUND | 201 | This may related to wrong password in the two scenarios: Setting password when STA connecting to an unencrypted AP. Does not set password when STA connecting to an encrypted AP.
HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 204 | Four-way handshake fails.

### Wi-Fi Reason code related to low RSSI

The table below shows the Wi-Fi reason-code may related to low RSSI.

Reason code | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
NO_AP_FOUND_IN_RSSI_THRESHOLD | 212 | The station fails to scan the target AP due to low RSSI
HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 204 | Four-way handshake fails.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Station Connecting When Multiple APs Are Found

This scenario is similar as ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Station Connecting Scenario. The difference is that the station will not raise the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED unless it fails to connect all of the found APs.

## Wi-Fi Reconnect

The station may disconnect due to many reasons, e.g., the connected AP is restarted. It is the application's responsibility to reconnect. The recommended reconnection strategy is to call `esp_wifi_connect()` on receiving event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

Sometimes the application needs more complex reconnection strategy:

- If the disconnect event is raised because the `esp_wifi_disconnect()` is called, the application may not want to do the reconnection.

- If the `esp_wifi_scan_start()` may be called at anytime, a better reconnection strategy is necessary. Refer to Scan When Wi-Fi Is Connecting.

Another thing that need to be considered is that the reconnection may not connect the same AP if there are more than one APs with the same SSID. The reconnection always select current best APs to connect.

## Wi-Fi Beacon Timeout

The beacon timeout mechanism is used by ESP32-C5 station to detect whether the AP is alive or not. If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens. The application can set inactive time via API `esp_wifi_set_inactive_time()`.

After the beacon times out, the station sends 5 probe requests to the AP. If still no probe response or beacon is received from AP, the station disconnects from the AP and raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

It should be considered that the timer used for beacon timeout will be reset during the scanning process. It means that the scan process will affect the triggering of the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Configuration

All configurations will be stored into flash when the Wi-Fi NVS is enabled; otherwise, refer to Wi-Fi NVS Flash.

### Wi-Fi Mode

Call `esp_wifi_set_mode()` to set the Wi-Fi mode.

Mode | Description
--- | ---
`WIFI_MODE_NULL` | NULL mode: in this mode, the internal data struct is not allocated to the station and the AP, while both the station and AP interfaces are not initialized for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Generally, this mode is used for Sniffer, or when you only want to stop both the station and the AP without calling `esp_wifi_deinit()` to unload the whole Wi-Fi driver.
`WIFI_MODE_STA` | Station mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will init the internal station data, while the station’s interface is ready for the RX and TX Wi-Fi data. After `esp_wifi_connect()`, the station will connect to the target AP.
`WIFI_MODE_AP` | AP mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will init the internal AP data, while the AP’s interface is ready for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Then, the Wi-Fi driver starts broad-casting beacons, and the AP is ready to get connected to other stations.
`WIFI_MODE_APSTA` | Station/AP coexistence mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will simultaneously initialize both the station and the AP. This is done in station mode and AP mode. Please note that the channel of the external AP, which the ESP station is connected to, has higher priority over the ESP AP channel.

### Wi-Fi Band Mode Configuration

The Wi-Fi band mode used by ESP32-C5 can be set via the function `esp_wifi_set_band_mode()`.

Mode | Description
--- | ---
`WIFI_BAND_MODE_2G_ONLY` | 2.4 GHz band mode: The device operates only on 2.4 GHz band channels.
`WIFI_BAND_MODE_5G_ONLY` | 5 GHz band mode: The device operates only on 5 GHz band channels.
`WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO` | 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz auto mode: The device automatically selects either the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band based on the connected AP or SoftAP configuration.

Note

- `WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO` does not mean simultaneous dual-band support; it only allows automatic band selection.

When operating in `WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO` mode, protocols and bandwidth can be configured separately for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands:

- Use the function `esp_wifi_set_protocols()` to set the supported protocol types for each band (e.g., 802.11b/g/n/ac/ax);

- Use the function `esp_wifi_set_bandwidths()` to set the bandwidth for each band (e.g., 20 MHz, 40 MHz).

### AP Choose

When the device scans multiple APs with the same SSID, ESP32-C5 selects the most suitable AP to connect to based on signal strength (RSSI) and band information. The default policy usually prefers the AP with higher RSSI; however, in environments where 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz coexist, this can cause the device to favor the 2.4 GHz band, ignoring the performance benefits of the 5 GHz band.

To address this, ESP-IDF provides the field `rssi_5g_adjustment` in the `wifi_scan_threshold_t` structure to optimize the priority of selecting 5 GHz APs.

Field | Description
--- | ---
`rssi_5g_adjustment` | Used to adjust priority between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz APs with the same SSID. The default value is `10`, meaning when the 5 GHz AP's RSSI is within 10 dB lower than the 2.4 GHz AP, the 5 GHz AP will be preferred. Properly setting this parameter helps the device prioritize 5 GHz networks that offer better bandwidth and interference resistance when signal strengths are close.

Example:

Suppose the device scans the following two APs with the SSID "MyWiFi":

- 2.4 GHz AP: RSSI = -60 dBm

- 5 GHz AP: RSSI = -68 dBm

Since `rssi_5g_adjustment = 10` (default) and `-68 > -60 - 10` holds true, the device will prioritize connecting to the 5 GHz AP.

Note

This parameter only takes effect when scanning results contain APs with the same SSID on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Its purpose is to avoid always connecting to a 2.4 GHz network with slightly stronger signal but poorer performance.

### Station Basic Configuration

API `esp_wifi_set_config()` can be used to configure the station. And the configuration will be stored in NVS. The table below describes the fields in detail.

Field | Description
--- | ---
ssid | This is the SSID of the target AP, to which the station wants to connect.
password | Password of the target AP.
scan_method | For `WIFI_FAST_SCAN` scan, the scan ends when the first matched AP is found. For `WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN`, the scan finds all matched APs on all channels. The default scan is `WIFI_FAST_SCAN`.
bssid_set | If bssid_set is 0, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the field “ssid”, while the field “bssid” is ignored. In all other cases, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the “ssid” field, while its BSSID is the same the “bssid” field .
bssid | This is valid only when bssid_set is 1; see field “bssid_set”.
channel | If the channel is 0, the station scans the channel 1 ~ N to search for the target AP; otherwise, the station starts by scanning the channel whose value is the same as that of the “channel” field, and then scans the channel 1 ~ N but skip the specific channel to find the target AP. For example, if the channel is 3, the scan order will be 3, 1, 2, 4,..., N. If you do not know which channel the target AP is running on, set it to 0.
sort_method | This field is only for `WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN`. If the sort_method is `WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SIGNAL`, all matched APs are sorted by signal, and the AP with the best signal will be connected firstly. For example, the station wants to connect an AP whose SSID is “apxx”. If the scan finds two APs whose SSID equals to “apxx”, and the first AP’s signal is -90 dBm while the second AP’s signal is -30 dBm, the station connects the second AP firstly, and it would not connect the first one unless it fails to connect the second one. If the sort_method is `WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SECURITY`, all matched APs are sorted by security. For example, the station wants to connect an AP whose SSID is “apxx”. If the scan finds two APs whose SSID is “apxx”, and the security of the first found AP is open while the second one is WPA2, the station connects to the second AP firstly, and it would not connect the first one unless it fails to connect the second one.
threshold | The threshold is used to filter the found AP. If the RSSI or security mode is less than the configured threshold, the AP will be discarded. If the RSSI is set to 0, it means the default threshold and the default RSSI threshold are -127 dBm. If the authmode threshold is set to 0, it means the default threshold and the default authmode threshold are open.

Attention

WEP/WPA security modes are deprecated in IEEE 802.11-2016 specifications and are recommended not to be used. These modes can be rejected using authmode threshold by setting threshold as WPA2 by threshold.authmode as `WIFI_AUTH_WPA2_PSK`.

### AP Basic Configuration

API `esp_wifi_set_config()` can be used to configure the AP. And the configuration will be stored in NVS. The table below describes the fields in detail.

Field | Description
--- | ---
ssid | SSID of AP; if the ssid[0] is 0xFF and ssid[1] is 0xFF, the AP defaults the SSID to `ESP_aabbcc`, where “aabbcc” is the last three bytes of the AP MAC.
password | Password of AP; if the auth mode is `WIFI_AUTH_OPEN`, this field will be ignored.
ssid_len | Length of SSID; if ssid_len is 0, check the SSID until there is a termination character. If ssid_len > 32, change it to 32; otherwise, set the SSID length according to ssid_len.
channel | Channel of AP; if the channel is out of range, the Wi-Fi driver will return error. So, please make sure the channel is within the required range. For more details, refer to Wi-Fi Country Code.
authmode | Auth mode of ESP AP; currently, ESP AP does not support AUTH_WEP. If the authmode is an invalid value, AP defaults the value to `WIFI_AUTH_OPEN`.
ssid_hidden | If ssid_hidden is 1, AP does not broadcast the SSID; otherwise, it does broadcast the SSID.
max_connection | The max number of stations allowed to connect in, the default value is 10. ESP Wi-Fi supports up to 15 (`ESP_WIFI_MAX_CONN_NUM`) Wi-Fi connections. Please note that ESP AP and ESP-NOW share the same encryption hardware keys, so the max_connection parameter will be affected by the CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_ESPNOW_MAX_ENCRYPT_NUM. The total number of encryption hardware keys is 17, if CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_ESPNOW_MAX_ENCRYPT_NUM <= 2, the max_connection can be set up to 15, otherwise the max_connection can be set up to (17 - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_ESPNOW_MAX_ENCRYPT_NUM).
beacon_interval | Beacon interval; the value is 100 ~ 60000 ms, with default value being 100 ms. If the value is out of range, AP defaults it to 100 ms.

### Wi-Fi Protocol Mode

Currently, the ESP-IDF supports the following protocol modes:

- 2.4 GHz band: Supports 802.11b, 802.11bg, 802.11bgn, 802.11bgnax, and Espressif's proprietary LR mode.

- 5 GHz band: Supports 802.11a, 802.11an, 802.11anac, and 802.11anacax.

ESP32-C5 supports configuring Wi-Fi protocol modes for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands separately. It is recommended to use `esp_wifi_set_protocols()` for this purpose. The legacy API `esp_wifi_set_protocol()` is also supported.

Recommended Usage

Use the new API `esp_wifi_set_protocols()` to configure each band independently:

    // Set 2.4 GHz to use 802.11bgnax, and 5 GHz to use 802.11anacax
    wifi_protocols_t protocols = {
        .ghz_2g = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11AX,
        .ghz_5g = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11A | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11AC | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11AX,
    };
    esp_wifi_set_protocols(WIFI_IF_STA, &protocols);

Legacy Usage

Use the legacy API `esp_wifi_set_protocol()` to configure the protocol mode for 2.4 GHz band or 5 GHz band:

    // Set band mode to 2.4 GHz band
    esp_wifi_set_band_mode(WIFI_BAND_MODE_2G_ONLY);

    // Set protocol of station to 802.11bgnax
    uint8_t protocol = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11AX;
    esp_wifi_set_protocol(WIFI_IF_STA, protocol);

Note

- The new API esp_wifi_set_protocols() allows configuring both bands simultaneously and is recommended for use on ESP32-C5.

- The function `esp_wifi_set_protocol()` is suitable for single-band scenarios, such as when `WIFI_BAND_MODE_2G_ONLY` or `WIFI_BAND_MODE_5G_ONLY` is used. It only takes effect on the currently connected band. For example, if the interface is operating on the 5 GHz band, any configuration for the 2.4 GHz band will be ignored.

- If the configuration includes unsupported protocol combinations, the function will return an error.

- To enable Espressif's proprietary LR mode, make sure to include WIFI_PROTOCOL_LR in the 2.4 GHz protocol configuration.

### Wi-Fi Bandwidth Mode

ESP32-C5 currently supports two bandwidth modes, 20 MHz and 40 MHz, which are used in combination with protocol modes. Common combinations include:

- HT20: 802.11n/11an, 20 MHz bandwidth

- HT40: 802.11n/11an, 40 MHz bandwidth

- HE20: 802.11ax, 20 MHz bandwidth

Note

- The 40 MHz bandwidth mode is only supported under 802.11n (2.4 GHz) or 802.11an (5 GHz) modes.

Applications can use the `esp_wifi_set_bandwidths()` API to set independent bandwidths for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.

Example:

    // Set 2.4 GHz to use 802.11bgnax, and 5 GHz to use 802.11an
    wifi_protocols_t protocols = {
        .ghz_2g = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11AX,
        .ghz_5g = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11A | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N,
    };
    esp_wifi_set_protocols(WIFI_IF_STA, &protocols);

    // Set bandwidth to 20 MHz for 2.4 GHz band and 40 MHz for 5 GHz band
    wifi_bandwidths_t bw = {
        .ghz_2g = WIFI_BW_HT20,
        .ghz_5g = WIFI_BW_HT40
    };
    esp_wifi_set_bandwidths(WIFI_IF_STA, &bw);

Note

- When .ghz_2g is set to 0, only the 5 GHz bandwidth is updated, and the 2.4 GHz bandwidth remains unchanged.

- When .ghz_5g is set to 0, only the 2.4 GHz bandwidth is updated, and the 5 GHz bandwidth remains unchanged.

Legacy Usage

Use the legacy API `esp_wifi_set_bandwidth()` to configure the bandwidth of the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band:

    // Set band mode to 5 GHz band
    esp_wifi_set_band_mode(WIFI_BAND_MODE_5G_ONLY);

    // Set protocol of the station interface to 802.11an
    uint8_t protocol = WIFI_PROTOCOL_11A | WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N;
    esp_wifi_set_protocol(WIFI_IF_STA, protocol);

    // Set bandwidth of the station interface to 40 MHz
    esp_wifi_set_bandwidth(WIFI_IF_STA, WIFI_BW_HT40);

Note

- The new API `esp_wifi_set_bandwidths()` can configure both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bandwidths simultaneously, and is recommended for use on ESP32-C5.

- `esp_wifi_set_bandwidth()` is suitable for single-band scenarios, such as `WIFI_BAND_MODE_2G_ONLY` or `WIFI_BAND_MODE_5G_ONLY` modes. It only affects the currently connected band. For example, if the interface is on the 5 GHz band, any 2.4 GHz bandwidth settings will be ignored.

- If the configured bandwidth is not supported on the current band, the function will return an error.

### Long Range (LR)

Long Range (LR) mode is an Espressif-patented Wi-Fi mode which can achieve a one-kilometer line of sight range. Compared to the traditional 802.11b mode, it has better reception sensitivity, stronger anti-interference ability, and longer transmission distance.

#### LR Compatibility

Since LR is an Espressif-unique Wi-Fi mode operating on the 2.4 GHz band, only ESP32-series chips (excluding the ESP32-C2) support LR data transmission and reception. To ensure compatibility, the ESP32 devices should NOT use LR data rates when connected to non-LR-capable devices. This can be enforced by configuring the appropriate Wi-Fi mode:

- If the negotiated mode supports LR, ESP32 devices may transmit data at LR rates.

- Otherwise, they must default to traditional Wi-Fi data rates.

The following table depicts the Wi-Fi mode negotiation on 2.4 GHz band:

APSTA | BGNAX | BGN | BG | B | BGNAXLR | BGNLR | BGLR | BLR | LR
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
BGNAX | BGAX | BGN | BG | B | BGAX | BGN | BG | B |
BGN | BGN | BGN | BG | B | BGN | BGN | BG | B |
BG | BG | BG | BG | B | BG | BG | BG | B |
B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B |
BGNAXLR |  |  |  |  | BGAXLR | BGNLR | BGLR | BLR | LR
BGNLR |  |  |  |  | BGNLR | BGNLR | BGLR | BLR | LR
BGLR |  |  |  |  | BGLR | BGLR | BGLR | BLR | LR
BLR |  |  |  |  | BLR | BLR | BLR | BLR | LR
LR |  |  |  |  | LR | LR | LR | LR | LR

In the above table, the row is the Wi-Fi mode of AP and the column is the Wi-Fi mode of station. The "-" indicates Wi-Fi mode of the AP and station are not compatible.

According to the table, the following conclusions can be drawn:

- For LR-enabled AP of ESP32-C5, it is incompatible with traditional 802.11 mode, because the beacon is sent in LR mode.

- For LR-enabled station of ESP32-C5 whose mode is NOT LR-only mode, it is compatible with traditional 802.11 mode.

- If both station and AP are ESP32 series chips devices (except ESP32-C2) and both of them have enabled LR mode, the negotiated mode supports LR.

If the negotiated Wi-Fi mode supports both traditional 802.11 mode and LR mode, it is the Wi-Fi driver's responsibility to automatically select the best data rate in different Wi-Fi modes and the application can ignore it.

#### LR Impacts to Traditional Wi-Fi Device

The data transmission in LR rate has no impacts on the traditional Wi-Fi device because:

- The CCA and backoff process in LR mode are consistent with 802.11 specification.

- The traditional Wi-Fi device can detect the LR signal via CCA and do backoff.

In other words, the transmission impact in LR mode is similar to that in 802.11b mode.

#### LR Transmission Distance

The reception sensitivity gain of LR is about 4 dB larger than that of the traditional 802.11b mode. Theoretically, the transmission distance is about 2 to 2.5 times the distance of 11B.

#### LR Throughput

The LR rate has very limited throughput, because the raw PHY data rate LR is 1/2 Mbps and 1/4 Mbps.

#### When to Use LR

The general conditions for using LR are:

- Both the AP and station are Espressif devices.

- Long distance Wi-Fi connection and data transmission is required.

- Data throughput requirements are very small, such as remote device control.

### Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)

In the 5 GHz Wi-Fi band, certain channels (e.g., channels 52–144) share spectrum with critical systems such as weather radars. To avoid interference with these systems, Wi-Fi devices must perform specific detection and channel switching mechanisms before operating on these channels—this is known as Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS).

Enabling DFS allows devices to access more 5 GHz channels, thereby increasing network capacity and reducing interference. This is especially beneficial in high-density deployments or applications that require high bandwidth. The range of DFS channels may vary by country or region; see esp_wifi/regulatory/esp_wifi_regulatory.txt for details.

ESP32-C5 supports DFS channels in the 5 GHz band, but only supports passive radar detection.

Type | Description
--- | ---
Passive Radar Detection Supported | During scanning, the device can listen to DFS channels, detect access points (APs) operating on DFS channels, and connect to them. If the AP detects radar signals and switches to another channel using Channel Switch Announcement (CSA), ESP32-C5 will follow the AP to the new channel.
Active Radar Detection Not Supported | ESP32-C5 does not support active radar detection and therefore cannot operate as a DFS AP in SoftAP mode.

Note

- In STA mode, ESP32-C5 can connect to APs operating on DFS channels, provided those channels are detected during scanning.

- In SoftAP mode, ESP32-C5 is not allowed to operate on DFS channels to comply with regulatory requirements.

- In STA+SoftAP coexistence mode: 1. If the STA connects to an AP on a DFS channel, the SoftAP is allowed to switch to the same DFS channel using CSA (Channel Switch Announcement). 2. When the STA disconnects, the SoftAP will switch back to a non-DFS channel via CSA to remain compliant with regulations.

### Wi-Fi Country Code

The `esp_wifi_set_country()` function is used to set the country/region information. The table below details the meaning of each field. Before configuring these fields, please refer to local 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz RF regulations.

Field | Description
--- | ---
cc[3] | Country/region code string identifying the country or region of the station/AP, or a non-country entity. If it is a country/region, the first two bytes comply with the ISO/IEC 3166-1 two-letter country code standard. The third byte has the following meanings: Space character (ASCII): The country/region allows usage of the respective frequency band in all environments. Character 'O': Usage allowed only in outdoor environments. Character 'I': Usage allowed only in indoor environments. Character 'X': Non-country entity, in which case the first two characters should be 'XX'. Binary operational class number, referring to IEEE Std 802.11-2020 Appendix E.
schan | Start channel number, indicating the minimum channel allowed in the 2.4 GHz band for the configured country/region.
nchan | Number of channels. Defines the total number of allowed channels in the 2.4 GHz band. For example, if schan = 1 and nchan = 13, then channels 1 through 13 are allowed.
policy | Country/region policy. When the configured country/region conflicts with that of the connected AP, this field determines which information to use. Details are explained below.
wifi_5g_channel_mask | Bitmask indicating allowed 5 GHz channels for the station/AP. The mapping between channel numbers and bits can be found in `wifi_5g_channel_bit_t`.

A default configuration example:

    wifi_country_t config = {
        .cc = "01",
        .schan = 1,
        .nchan = 11,
        .wifi_5g_channel_mask = 0xfe,
        .policy = WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO,
    };

When Wi-Fi is in station/AP coexistence mode, both use the same country/region information. Sometimes, the connected AP's country/region information may differ from the station's preset. For example:

Station configuration:

    wifi_country_t config = {
        .cc = "JP",
        .schan = 1,
        .nchan = 14,
        .wifi_5g_channel_mask = 0xfe,
        .policy = WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO,
    };

Connected AP configuration:

    wifi_country_t config = {
        .cc = "CN",
        .schan = 1,
        .nchan = 13,
    };

In this case, the connected AP's country/region information will be used.

The following table explains which country/region information is used under different Wi-Fi modes and policies, as well as differences in scanning behavior:

Wi-Fi Mode | Policy | Description
--- | --- | ---
Station mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO | If the connected AP's beacon contains country/region information IE, that information is used; otherwise, the default configuration is used. Scanning behavior: 2.4 GHz band: active scanning on channels 1–11, passive scanning on channels 12–14; 5 GHz band: active scanning on non-DFS channels, passive scanning on DFS channels. Note: If an AP with a hidden SSID is on a passive scan channel, scanning may not discover that AP. To discover hidden SSIDs on all channels, use WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL.
Station mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL | Always use the configured country/region information. Scanning behavior: 2.4 GHz band: scan channels from schan to schan + nchan - 1; 5 GHz band: scan channels supported as indicated by wifi_5g_channel_mask.
AP mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO | Always use the configured country/region information.
AP mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL | Always use the configured country/region information.
Station/AP coexistence mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO | Same behavior as station mode with WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO. If the station is not connected to any AP, the AP uses the configured country/region information; if the station is connected to an external AP, the AP uses the country/region information obtained by the station.
Station/AP coexistence mode | WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL | Same behavior as station mode with WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL. The AP always uses the configured country/region information.

#### Home Channel

In AP mode, the home channel is defined as the AP channel. In station mode, home channel is defined as the channel of AP which the station is connected to. In station/AP-coexistence mode, the home channel of AP and station must be the same, and if they are different, the station's home channel is always in priority. For example, assume that the AP is on channel 6, and the station connects to an AP whose channel is 9. Since the station's home channel has higher priority, the AP needs to switch its channel from 6 to 9 to make sure that it has the same home channel as the station. While switching channel, the ESP32-C5 in AP mode will notify the connected stations about the channel migration using a Channel Switch Announcement (CSA). Station that supports channel switching will transit without disconnecting and reconnecting to the AP.

### Wi-Fi Vendor IE Configuration

By default, all Wi-Fi management frames are processed by the Wi-Fi driver, and the application can ignore them. However, some applications may have to handle the beacon, probe request, probe response, and other management frames. For example, if you insert some vendor-specific IE into the management frames, it is only the management frames which contain this vendor-specific IE that will be processed. In ESP32-C5, `esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie()` and `esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie_cb()` are responsible for this kind of tasks.

## Wi-Fi Easy Connect™ (DPP)

Wi-Fi Easy ConnectTM (or Device Provisioning Protocol) is a secure and standardized provisioning protocol for configuring Wi-Fi devices. More information can be found in esp_dpp.

## WPA2-Enterprise

WPA2-Enterprise is the secure authentication mechanism for enterprise wireless networks. It uses RADIUS server for authentication of network users before connecting to the Access Point. The authentication process is based on 802.1X policy and comes with different Extended Authentication Protocol (EAP) methods such as TLS, TTLS, and PEAP. RADIUS server authenticates the users based on their credentials (username and password), digital certificates, or both. When ESP32-C5 in station mode tries to connect an AP in enterprise mode, it sends authentication request to AP which is sent to RADIUS server by AP for authenticating the station. Based on different EAP methods, the parameters can be set in configuration which can be opened using `idf.py menuconfig`. WPA2_Enterprise is supported by ESP32-C5 only in station mode.

For establishing a secure connection, AP and station negotiate and agree on the best possible cipher suite to be used. ESP32-C5 supports 802.1X/EAP (WPA) method of AKM and Advanced encryption standard with Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication protocol (AES-CCM) cipher suite. It also supports the cipher suites supported by mbedtls if USE_MBEDTLS_CRYPTO flag is set.

ESP32-C5 currently supports the following EAP methods:

  - EAP-TLS: This is a certificate-based method and only requires SSID and EAP-IDF.

  - PEAP: This is a Protected EAP method. Username and Password are mandatory.

  - EAP-TTLS: This is a credential-based method. Only server authentication is mandatory while user authentication is optional. Username and Password are mandatory. It supports different Phase2 methods, such as:

      - PAP: Password Authentication Protocol.

      - CHAP: Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.

      - MSCHAP and MSCHAP-V2.

  - EAP-FAST: This is an authentication method based on Protected Access Credentials (PAC) which also uses identity and password. Currently, USE_MBEDTLS_CRYPTO flag should be disabled to use this feature.

Detailed information on creating certificates and how to run wpa2_enterprise example on ESP32-C5 can be found in wifi/wifi_enterprise.

## Wi-Fi AwareTM (NAN)

Wi-Fi AwareTM or NAN (Neighbor Awareness Networking) is a protocol that allows Wi-Fi devices to discover services in their proximity. NAN uses direct device-to-device communication and does not require any Internet or AP connection.

Multiple NAN devices in the vicinity will form a NAN cluster which allows them to communicate with each other. NAN devices in a cluster synchronise their clocks and listen to each other periodically on Channel 6. Devices can advertise (Publish) or seek for (Subscribe) services within their NAN Cluster using Service Discovery protocols. Matching of services is done by service name and optionally matching filters. Once a Subscriber gets a match with a Publisher, it can either send a message (Follow-up) or establish a datapath (NDP) with the Publisher. After NDP is setup both devices will obtain an IPv6 address and can use it for communication.

Please note that NAN Datapath security is not supported i.e., the data packets will go out unencrypted. NAN uses a separate interface for Discovery and Datapath, which is other than that used for STA and AP. NAN operates in standalone mode, which means co-existence with STA or AP interface is not supported.

Refer to ESP-IDF examples examples/wifi/wifi_aware/nan_publisher/README.md and examples/wifi/wifi_aware/nan_subscriber/README.md to setup a NAN Publisher and Subscriber.

## Wireless Network Management

Wireless Network Management allows client devices to exchange information about the network topology, including information related to RF environment. This makes each client network-aware, facilitating overall improvement in the performance of the wireless network. It is part of 802.11v specification. It also enables the client to support Network assisted Roaming. - Network assisted Roaming: Enables WLAN to send messages to associated clients, resulting clients to associate with APs with better link metrics. This is useful for both load balancing and in directing poorly connected clients.

Current implementation of 802.11v includes support for BSS transition management frames.

## Radio Resource Measurement

Radio Resource Measurement (802.11k) is intended to improve the way traffic is distributed within a network. In a WLAN, each device normally connects to the access point (AP) that provides the strongest signal. Depending on the number and geographic locations of the subscribers, this arrangement can sometimes lead to excessive demand on one AP and underutilization of others, resulting in degradation of overall network performance. In a network conforming to 802.11k, if the AP having the strongest signal is loaded to its full capacity, a wireless device can be moved to one of the underutilized APs. Even though the signal may be weaker, the overall throughput is greater because more efficient use is made of the network resources.

Current implementation of 802.11k includes support for beacon measurement report, link measurement report, and neighbor request.

Refer ESP-IDF example examples/wifi/roaming/README.md to set up and use these APIs. Example code only demonstrates how these APIs can be used, and the application should define its own algorithm and cases as required.

## Fast BSS Transition

Fast BSS transition (802.11R FT), is a standard to permit continuous connectivity aboard wireless devices in motion, with fast and secure client transitions from one Basic Service Set (abbreviated BSS, and also known as a base station or more colloquially, an access point) to another performed in a nearly seamless manner avoiding 802.1i 4 way handshake . 802.11R specifies transitions between access points by redefining the security key negotiation protocol, allowing both the negotiation and requests for wireless resources to occur in parallel. The key derived from the server to be cached in the wireless network, so that a reasonable number of future connections can be based on the cached key, avoiding the 802.1X process

ESP32-C5 station supports FT for WPA2-PSK networks. Do note that ESP32-C5 station only support FT over the air protocol only.

A config option CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_11R_SUPPORT and configuration parameter `ft_enabled` in `wifi_sta_config_t` is provided to enable 802.11R support for station. Refer ESP-IDF example examples/wifi/roaming/README.md for further details.

Attention

Distance measurement using RTT is not accurate, and factors such as RF interference, multi-path travel, antenna orientation, and lack of calibration increase these inaccuracies. For better results, it is suggested to perform FTM between two ESP32 chip series devices as station and AP.

Refer to ESP-IDF example examples/wifi/ftm/README.md for steps on how to set up and perform FTM.

## Wi-Fi Location

Wi-Fi Location will improve the accuracy of a device's location data beyond the Access Point, which will enable creation of new and feature-rich applications and services such as geo-fencing, network management, and navigation. One of the protocols used to determine the device location with respect to the Access Point is Fine Timing Measurement which calculates Time-of-Flight of a Wi-Fi frame.

### Fine Timing Measurement (FTM)

FTM is used to measure Wi-Fi Round Trip Time (Wi-Fi RTT) which is the time a Wi-Fi signal takes to travel from a device to another device and back again. Using Wi-Fi RTT, the distance between the devices can be calculated with a simple formula of RTT * c / 2, where c is the speed of light.

FTM uses timestamps given by Wi-Fi interface hardware at the time of arrival or departure of frames exchanged between a pair of devices. One entity called FTM Initiator (mostly a station device) discovers the FTM Responder (can be a station or an Access Point) and negotiates to start an FTM procedure. The procedure uses multiple Action frames sent in bursts and its ACK's to gather the timestamps data. FTM Initiator gathers the data in the end to calculate an average Round-Trip-Time.

ESP32-C5 supports FTM in below configuration:

- ESP32-C5 as FTM Initiator in station mode.

- ESP32-C5 as FTM Responder in AP mode.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Power-saving Mode

This subsection will briefly introduce the concepts and usage related to Wi-Fi Power Saving Mode, for a more detailed introduction please refer to the Low Power Mode User Guide

### Station Sleep

Currently, ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi supports the Modem-sleep mode which refers to the legacy power-saving mode in the IEEE 802.11 protocol. Modem-sleep mode works in station-only mode and the station must connect to the AP first. If the Modem-sleep mode is enabled, station will switch between active and sleep state periodically. In sleep state, RF, PHY and BB are turned off in order to reduce power consumption. Station can keep connection with AP in modem-sleep mode.

Modem-sleep mode includes minimum and maximum power-saving modes. In minimum power-saving mode, station wakes up every DTIM to receive beacon. Broadcast data will not be lost because it is transmitted after DTIM. However, it cannot save much more power if DTIM is short for DTIM is determined by AP.

In maximum power-saving mode, station wakes up in every listen interval to receive beacon. This listen interval can be set to be longer than the AP DTIM period. Broadcast data may be lost because station may be in sleep state at DTIM time. If listen interval is longer, more power is saved, but broadcast data is more easy to lose. Listen interval can be configured by calling API `esp_wifi_set_config()` before connecting to AP.

Call `esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM)` to enable Modem-sleep minimum power-saving mode or `esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MAX_MODEM)` to enable Modem-sleep maximum power-saving mode after calling `esp_wifi_init()`. When station connects to AP, Modem-sleep will start. When station disconnects from AP, Modem-sleep will stop.

Call `esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_NONE)` to disable Modem-sleep mode entirely. Disabling it increases power consumption, but minimizes the delay in receiving Wi-Fi data in real time. When Modem-sleep mode is enabled, the delay in receiving Wi-Fi data may be the same as the DTIM cycle (minimum power-saving mode) or the listening interval (maximum power-saving mode).

Note that in coexist mode, Wi-Fi will remain active only during Wi-Fi time slice, and sleep during non Wi-Fi time slice even if `esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_NONE)` is called. Please refer to coexist policy.

The default Modem-sleep mode is WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM.

### AP Sleep

Currently, ESP32-C5 AP does not support all of the power-saving feature defined in Wi-Fi specification. To be specific, the AP only caches unicast data for the stations connect to this AP, but does not cache the multicast data for the stations. If stations connected to the ESP32-C5 AP are power-saving enabled, they may experience multicast packet loss.

In the future, all power-saving features will be supported on ESP32-C5 AP.

### Disconnected State Sleep

Disconnected state is the duration without Wi-Fi connection between `esp_wifi_start()` to `esp_wifi_stop()`.

Currently, ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi supports sleep mode in disconnected state if running at station mode. This feature could be configured by Menuconfig choice CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STA_DISCONNECTED_PM_ENABLE.

If CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STA_DISCONNECTED_PM_ENABLE is enabled, RF, PHY and BB would be turned off in disconnected state when IDLE. The current would be same with current at modem-sleep.

The choice CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STA_DISCONNECTED_PM_ENABLE would be selected by default, while it would be selected forcefully in Menuconfig at coexistence mode.

### Connectionless Modules Power-saving

Connectionless modules are those Wi-Fi modules not relying on Wi-Fi connection, e.g ESP-NOW, DPP, FTM. These modules start from `esp_wifi_start()`, working until `esp_wifi_stop()`.

Currently, if ESP-NOW works at station mode, its supported to sleep at both connected state and disconnected state.

#### Connectionless Modules TX

For each connectionless module, its supported to TX at any sleeping time without any extra configuration.

Meanwhile, `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` is supported at sleep as well.

#### Connectionless Modules RX

For each connectionless module, two parameters shall be configured to RX at sleep, which are Window and Interval.

At the start of Interval time, RF, PHY, BB would be turned on and kept for Window time. Connectionless Module could RX in the duration.

Interval

> - There is only one Interval. Its configured by `esp_wifi_set_connectionless_interval()`. The unit is milliseconds.

> - The default value of Interval is ESP_WIFI_CONNECTIONLESS_INTERVAL_DEFAULT_MODE.

> - Event WIFI_EVENT_CONNECTIONLESS_MODULE_WAKE_INTERVAL_START would be posted at the start of Interval. Since Window also starts at that moment, its recommended to TX in that event.

> - At connected state, the start of Interval would be aligned with TBTT. To improve the packet reception success rate in connectionless modules, the sender and receiver can be connected to the same AP, and packets can be transmitted within the event WIFI_EVENT_CONNECTIONLESS_MODULE_WAKE_INTERVAL_START. This synchronization helps align the connectionless modules transmission window.

Window

> - Each connectionless module has its own Window after start. Connectionless Modules Power-saving would work with the max one among them.

> - Window is configured by `module_name_set_wake_window()`. The unit is milliseconds.

> - The default value of Window is the maximum.

RF, PHY and BB usage under different circumstances
| Interval
`ESP_WIFI_CONNECTIONLESS_INTERVAL_DEFAULT_MODE` | 1 - maximum
Window | 0 | not used
1 - maximum | default mode | used periodically (Window < Interval) / used all time (Window ≥ Interval)

#### Default Mode

If Interval is `ESP_WIFI_CONNECTIONLESS_INTERVAL_DEFAULT_MODE` with non-zero Window, Connectionless Modules Power-saving would work in default mode.

In default mode, RF, PHY, BB would be kept on if no coexistence with non-Wi-Fi protocol.

With coexistence, RF, PHY, BB resources are allocated by coexistence module to Wi-Fi connectionless module and non-Wi-Fi module, using time-division method. In default mode, Wi-Fi connectionless module is allowed to use RF, BB, PHY periodically under a stable performance.

Its recommended to configure Connectionless Modules Power-saving to default mode if there is Wi-Fi connectionless module coexists with non-Wi-Fi module.

## ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi Throughput

The table below shows the best throughput results gained in Espressif's lab and in a shielded box.

- 2.4 GHz band

> Type/Throughput | Air In Lab | Shield-box | Test Tool | IDF Version (commit ID)
> --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
> Raw 802.11 Packet RX | N/A | 130 MBit/s | Internal tool | NA
> Raw 802.11 Packet TX | N/A | 130 MBit/s | Internal tool | NA
> UDP RX | 30 MBit/s | 68 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> UDP TX | 30 MBit/s | 63 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> TCP RX | 20 MBit/s | 59 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> TCP TX | 20 MBit/s | 49 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d

- 5 GHz band

> Type/Throughput | Air In Lab | Shield-box | Test Tool | IDF Version (commit ID)
> --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
> Raw 802.11 Packet RX | N/A | 130 MBit/s | Internal tool | NA
> Raw 802.11 Packet TX | N/A | 130 MBit/s | Internal tool | NA
> UDP RX | 30 MBit/s | 71 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> UDP TX | 30 MBit/s | 64 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> TCP RX | 20 MBit/s | 61 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d
> TCP TX | 20 MBit/s | 50 MBit/s | iperf example | 7ff0a07d

When the throughput is tested by iperf example, the sdkconfig is examples/wifi/iperf/sdkconfig.defaults.esp32c5.

## Wi-Fi 80211 Packet Send

The `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` API can be used to:

> - Send the beacon, probe request, probe response, and action frame.

> - Send the non-QoS data frame.

It cannot be used for sending encrypted or QoS frames.

### Preconditions of Using `esp_wifi_80211_tx()`

> - The Wi-Fi mode is station, or AP, or station/AP.

> - Either `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true)`, or `esp_wifi_start()`, or both of these APIs return `ESP_OK`. This is because Wi-Fi hardware must be initialized before `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` is called. In ESP32-C5, both `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true)` and `esp_wifi_start()` can trigger the initialization of Wi-Fi hardware.

> - The parameters of `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` are hereby correctly provided.

### Data Rate

> - The default data rate is 1 Mbps.

> - Can set any rate through `esp_wifi_config_80211_tx_rate()` API.

> - Can set any bandwidth through `esp_wifi_set_bandwidth()` API.

### Side-Effects to Avoid in Different Scenarios

Theoretically, if the side-effects the API imposes on the Wi-Fi driver or other stations/APs are not considered, a raw 802.11 packet can be sent over the air with any destination MAC, any source MAC, any BSSID, or any other types of packet. However, robust or useful applications should avoid such side-effects. The table below provides some tips and recommendations on how to avoid the side-effects of `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` in different scenarios.

Scenario | Description
--- | ---
No Wi-Fi connection | In this scenario, no Wi-Fi connection is set up, so there are no side-effects on the Wi-Fi driver. If `en_sys_seq==true`, the Wi-Fi driver is responsible for the sequence control. If `en_sys_seq==false`, the application needs to ensure that the buffer has the correct sequence. Theoretically, the MAC address can be any address. However, this may impact other stations/APs with the same MAC/BSSID. Side-effect example#1 The application calls `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` to send a beacon with BSSID == mac_x in AP mode, but the mac_x is not the MAC of the AP interface. Moreover, there is another AP, e.g., “other-AP”, whose BSSID is mac_x. If this happens, an “unexpected behavior” may occur, because the stations which connect to the “other-AP” cannot figure out whether the beacon is from the “other-AP” or the `esp_wifi_80211_tx()`. To avoid the above-mentioned side-effects, it is recommended that: If `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` is called in station mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the station interface. If `esp_wifi_80211_tx()` is called in AP mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the AP interface. The recommendations above are only for avoiding side-effects and can be ignored when there are good reasons.
Have Wi-Fi connection | When the Wi-Fi connection is already set up, and the sequence is controlled by the application, the latter may impact the sequence control of the Wi-Fi connection as a whole. So, the `en_sys_seq` need to be true, otherwise `ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG` is returned. The MAC-address recommendations in the “No Wi-Fi connection” scenario also apply to this scenario. If the Wi-Fi mode is station mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of AP to which the station is connected, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of station interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the station to AP. Otherwise, if the Wi-Fi is in AP mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of the station that connects to this AP, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of AP interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the AP to station. To avoid conflicting with Wi-Fi connections, the following checks are applied: If the packet type is data and is sent from the station to AP, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 1 and the FromDS bit should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver. If the packet type is data and is sent from the AP to station, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 0 and the FromDS bit should be 1. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver. If the packet is sent from station to AP or from AP to station, the Power Management, More Data, and Re-Transmission bits should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver. `ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG` is returned if any check fails.

## Wi-Fi Sniffer Mode

The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled by `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous()`. If the sniffer mode is enabled, the following packets can be dumped to the application:

> - 802.11 Management frame.

> - 802.11 Data frame, including MPDU, AMPDU, and AMSDU.

> - 802.11 MIMO frame, for MIMO frame, the sniffer only dumps the length of the frame.

> - 802.11 Control frame.

> - 802.11 CRC error frame.

The following packets will NOT be dumped to the application:

> - Other 802.11 error frames.

For frames that the sniffer can dump, the application can additionally decide which specific type of packets can be filtered to the application by using `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter()` and `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_ctrl_filter()`. By default, it will filter all 802.11 data and management frames to the application. If you want to filter the 802.11 control frames, the filter parameter in `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter()` should include WIFI_PROMIS_FILTER_MASK_CTRL type, and if you want to differentiate control frames further, then call `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_ctrl_filter()`.

The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled in the Wi-Fi mode of `WIFI_MODE_NULL`, `WIFI_MODE_STA`, `WIFI_MODE_AP`, or `WIFI_MODE_APSTA`. In other words, the sniffer mode is active when the station is connected to the AP, or when the AP has a Wi-Fi connection. Please note that the sniffer has a great impact on the throughput of the station or AP Wi-Fi connection. Generally, the sniffer should be enabled only if the station/AP Wi-Fi connection does not experience heavy traffic.

Another noteworthy issue about the sniffer is the callback `wifi_promiscuous_cb_t`. The callback will be called directly in the Wi-Fi driver task, so if the application has a lot of work to do for each filtered packet, the recommendation is to post an event to the application task in the callback and defer the real work to the application task.

## Wi-Fi Multiple Antennas

Please refer to the PHY

## Wi-Fi Channel State Information

Channel state information (CSI) refers to the channel information of a Wi-Fi connection. In ESP32-C5, this information consists of channel frequency responses of sub-carriers and is estimated when packets are received from the transmitter. Each channel frequency response of sub-carrier is recorded by two bytes of signed characters. The first one is imaginary part and the second one is real part. Except for the IEEE 802.11g mode, all other modes have two LTF sequences (LLTF + HT/VHT/HE-LTF). ESP32-C5 can determine whether to include LLTF or HT/VHT/HE-LTF through `acquire_csi_force_lltf` field of `wifi_csi_acquire_config_t`. For different types of packets which are received on channels with different state, the sub-carrier index and total bytes of signed characters of CSI are shown in the following table.

channel | secondary channel | none | below | above
packet information | signal mode | non HT | HT | HE | non HT | HT | non HT | HT
channel bandwidth | 20 MHz | 20 MHz | 20 MHz | 20 MHz | 20 MHz | 40 MHz | 20 MHz | 20 MHz | 40 MHz
STBC | non STBC | non STBC | STBC | non STBC | STBC | non STBC | non STBC | STBC | none STBC | STBC | non STBC | non STBC | STBC | non STBC | STBC
sub-carrier index | LLTF | 0~26, -26~-1 | — | — | — | — | 0~52 | — | — | — | — | -53~-1 | — | — | — | —
HT-LTF (HT-LTF1) | — | 0~28, -28~-1 | 0~28, -28~-1 | — | — | — | 0~56 | 0~56 | 0~58, -58~-1 | 0~58, -58~-1 | — | -57~-1 | -57~-1 | 0~58, -58~-1 | 0~58, -58~-1
HT-LTF2 | — | — | 0~28, -28~-1 | — | — | — | — | 0~56 | — | 0~58, -58~-1 | — | — | -57~-1 | — | 0~58, -58~-1
HE-LTF (HE-LTF1) | — | — | — | 0~122, -122~1 | Determined by wifi_csi_config_t | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
HE-LTF2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
total bytes | 106 | 114 | 228 | 490 | 490 | 106 | 114 | 228 | 234 | 468 | 106 | 114 | 228 | 234 | 468

Note

- In HT/VHT/HE modes, there are two LTF sequences: LLTF + HT/VHT/HE-LTF. If the `acquire_csi_force_lltf` field of `wifi_csi_acquire_config_t` is set to false, the CSI data will only contain HT/VHT/HE-LTF (as shown in the table above); otherwise, the CSI data will only contain LLTF. The sub-carrier index and total bytes for LLTF in HT/VHT/HE modes are the same as those for LLTF in non-HT modes.

- In VHT mode, the sub-carrier index and total bytes are the same as those in HT mode.

All of the information in the table can be found in the structure `wifi_csi_info_t`.

> - Secondary channel refers to `second` field of `rx_ctrl` field.

> - signal mode of packet refers to `cur_bb_format` field of `rx_ctrl` field.

> - total bytes refers to `len` field

> - The CSI data corresponding to each Long Training Field (LTF) type is stored in a buffer starting from the buf field. Each item is stored as two bytes: imaginary part followed by real part. The order of each item is the same as the sub-carrier in the table.

> - If `first_word_invalid` of `wifi_csi_info_t` is true, it means that the first four bytes of CSI data is invalid due to a hardware limitation in ESP32-C5.

> - If `rx_channel_estimate_info_vld` of `rx_ctrl` field is 1, indicates that the CSI data is valid; otherwise, the CSI data is invalid.

> - More information like RSSI, noise floor of RF, receiving time and antenna is in the `rx_ctrl` field.

For STBC packets, the subcarrier indices of HE-LTF1 and HE-LTF2 are determined by `acquire_csi_he_stbc_mode` field of `wifi_csi_config_t`. Please refer to the table below for details.

acquire_csi_he_stbc | HE-LTF1 | HE-LTF2
0 | -122~-1, 0~122 | —
1 | — | -122~-1, 0~122
2 | Sample evenly among the HE-LTF1 and HE-LTF2

When imaginary part and real part data of sub-carrier are used, please refer to the table below.

PHY standard | Sub-carrier range | Invalid sub-carrier | Sub-carrier (total/data)
--- | --- | --- | ---
802.11a/g | -26 to +26 | 0 | 53 total, 52 usable
802.11n, 20 MHz | -28 to +28 | 0 | 57 total, 56 usable
802.11n, 40 MHz | -58 to +58 | -1, 0, 1 | 117 total, 114 usable
802.11ac, 20 MHz | -28 to +28 | 0 | 57 total, 56 usable
802.11ax, 20 MHz (SU) | -122 to + 122 | -1, 0, 1 | 245 total, 242 usable

Note

- When the PHY is 802.11ax, please refer to the protocol for sub-carrier range and invalid sub-carrier for MU packets.

Note

- For STBC packet, CSI is provided for every space-time stream without CSD (cyclic shift delay). As each cyclic shift on the additional chains shall be -200 ns, only the CSD angle of first space-time stream is recorded in sub-carrier 0 of HT-LTF1 (HE-LTF1) and HT-LTF2 (HE-LTF2) for there is no channel frequency response in sub-carrier 0. CSD[10:0] is 11 bits, ranging from -pi to pi.

## Wi-Fi Channel State Information Configure

To use Wi-Fi CSI, the following steps need to be done.

> - Select Wi-Fi CSI in menuconfig. Go to `Menuconfig` > `Components config` > `Wi-Fi` > `Wi-Fi CSI (Channel State Information)`.

> - Set CSI receiving callback function by calling API `esp_wifi_set_csi_rx_cb()`.

> - Configure CSI by calling API `esp_wifi_set_csi_config()`.

> - Enable CSI by calling API `esp_wifi_set_csi()`.

The CSI receiving callback function runs from Wi-Fi task. So, do not do lengthy operations in the callback function. Instead, post necessary data to a queue and handle it from a lower priority task. Because station does not receive any packet when it is disconnected and only receives packets from AP when it is connected, it is suggested to enable sniffer mode to receive more CSI data by calling `esp_wifi_set_promiscuous()`.

## Wi-Fi HT20/40

ESP32-C5 supports Wi-Fi bandwidth HT20 or HT40 and does not support HT20/40 coexist. `esp_wifi_set_bandwidth()` can be used to change the default bandwidth of station or AP. The default bandwidth for ESP32-C5 station and AP is HT40.

In station mode, the actual bandwidth is firstly negotiated during the Wi-Fi connection. It is HT40 only if both the station and the connected AP support HT40, otherwise it is HT20. If the bandwidth of connected AP is changes, the actual bandwidth is negotiated again without Wi-Fi disconnecting.

Similarly, in AP mode, the actual bandwidth is negotiated between AP and the stations that connect to the AP. It is HT40 if the AP and one of the stations support HT40, otherwise it is HT20.

In station/AP coexist mode, the station/AP can configure HT20/40 separately. If both station and AP are negotiated to HT40, the HT40 channel should be the channel of station because the station always has higher priority than AP in ESP32-C5. For example, the configured bandwidth of AP is HT40, the configured primary channel is 6, and the configured secondary channel is 10. The station is connected to an router whose primary channel is 6 and secondary channel is 2, then the actual channel of AP is changed to primary 6 and secondary 2 automatically.

Theoretically, the HT40 can gain better throughput because the maximum raw physical (PHY) data rate for HT40 is 150 Mbps while it is 72 Mbps for HT20. However, if the device is used in some special environment, e.g., there are too many other Wi-Fi devices around the ESP32-C5 device, the performance of HT40 may be degraded. So if the applications need to support same or similar scenarios, it is recommended that the bandwidth is always configured to HT20.

..note ..

> When operating in the 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz band mode (`WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO`), can use the function `esp_wifi_set_bandwidths()` to configure the bandwidth for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands separately.

## Wi-Fi QoS

ESP32-C5 supports all the mandatory features required in WFA Wi-Fi QoS Certification.

Four ACs (Access Category) are defined in Wi-Fi specification, and each AC has its own priority to access the Wi-Fi channel. Moreover, a map rule is defined to map the QoS priority of other protocol, e.g., 802.11D or TCP/IP precedence is mapped to Wi-Fi AC.

The table below describes how the IP Precedences are mapped to Wi-Fi ACs in ESP32-C5. It also indicates whether the AMPDU is supported for this AC. The table is sorted from high to low priority. That is to say, the AC_VO has the highest priority.

IP Precedence | Wi-Fi AC | Support AMPDU?
--- | --- | ---
6, 7 | AC_VO (Voice) | No
4, 5 | AC_VI (Video) | Yes
3, 0 | AC_BE (Best Effort) | Yes
1, 2 | AC_BK (Background) | Yes

The application can make use of the QoS feature by configuring the IP precedence via socket option IP_TOS. Here is an example to make the socket to use VI queue:

    const int ip_precedence_vi = 4;
    const int ip_precedence_offset = 5;
    int priority = (ip_precedence_vi << ip_precedence_offset);
    setsockopt(socket_id, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &priority, sizeof(priority));

Theoretically, the higher priority AC has better performance than the lower priority AC. However, it is not always true. Here are some suggestions about how to use the Wi-Fi QoS:

> - Some really important application traffic can be put into the AC_VO queue. But avoid using the AC_VO queue for heavy traffic, as it may impact the management frames which also use this queue. Eventually, it is worth noting that the AC_VO queue does not support AMPDU, and its performance with heavy traffic is no better than other queues.

> - Avoid using more than two precedences supported by different AMPDUs, e.g., when socket A uses precedence 0, socket B uses precedence 1, and socket C uses precedence 2. This can be a bad design because it may need much more memory. To be specific, the Wi-Fi driver may generate a Block Ack session for each precedence and it needs more memory if the Block Ack session is set up.

## Wi-Fi AMSDU

ESP32-C5 supports receiving and transmitting AMSDU. AMSDU TX is disabled by default, since enable AMSDU TX need more memory. Select CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_AMSDU_TX_ENABLED to enable AMSDU Tx feature, it depends on CONFIG_SPIRAM.

## Wi-Fi Fragment

ESP32-C5 supports Wi-Fi receiving and transmitting fragment.

## WPS Enrollee

ESP32-C5 supports WPS enrollee feature in Wi-Fi mode `WIFI_MODE_STA` or `WIFI_MODE_APSTA`. Currently, ESP32-C5 supports WPS enrollee type PBC and PIN.

## Wi-Fi Buffer Usage

This section is only about the dynamic buffer configuration.

### Why Buffer Configuration Is Important

In order to get a high-performance system, consider the memory usage/configuration carefully for the following reasons:

> - the available memory in ESP32-C5 is limited.

> - currently, the default type of buffer in LwIP and Wi-Fi drivers is "dynamic", which means that both the LwIP and Wi-Fi share memory with the application. Programmers should always keep this in mind; otherwise, they will face a memory issue, such as "running out of heap memory".

> - it is very dangerous to run out of heap memory, as this will cause ESP32-C5 an "undefined behavior". Thus, enough heap memory should be reserved for the application, so that it never runs out of it.

> - the Wi-Fi throughput heavily depends on memory-related configurations, such as the TCP window size and Wi-Fi RX/TX dynamic buffer number.

> - the peak heap memory that the ESP32-C5 LwIP/Wi-Fi may consume depends on a number of factors, such as the maximum TCP/UDP connections that the application may have.

> - the total memory that the application requires is also an important factor when considering memory configuration.

Due to these reasons, there is not a good-for-all application configuration. Rather, it is recommended to consider memory configurations separately for every different application.

### Dynamic vs. Static Buffer

The default type of buffer in Wi-Fi drivers is "dynamic". Most of the time the dynamic buffer can significantly save memory. However, it makes the application programming a little more difficult, because in this case the application needs to consider memory usage in Wi-Fi.

lwIP also allocates buffers at the TCP/IP layer, and this buffer allocation is also dynamic. See lwIP documentation section about memory use and performance.

### Peak Wi-Fi Dynamic Buffer

The Wi-Fi driver supports several types of buffer (refer to Wi-Fi Buffer Configure). However, this section is about the usage of the dynamic Wi-Fi buffer only. The peak heap memory that Wi-Fi consumes is the theoretically-maximum memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes. Generally, the peak memory depends on:

- \(b_{rx}\) the number of dynamic RX buffers that are configured

- \(b_{tx}\) the number of dynamic TX buffers that are configured

- \(m_{rx}\) the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can receive

- \(m_{tx}\) the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can send

So, the peak memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes (\(p\)) can be calculated with the following formula:

\[p = (b_{rx} * m_{rx}) + (b_{tx} * m_{tx})\]

Generally, the dynamic TX long buffers and dynamic TX long long buffers can be ignored, because they are management frames which only have a small impact on the system.

## How to Improve Wi-Fi Performance

The performance of ESP32-C5 Wi-Fi is affected by many parameters, and there are mutual constraints between each parameter. A proper configuration cannot only improve performance, but also increase available memory for applications and improve stability.

This section briefly explains the operating mode of the Wi-Fi/LwIP protocol stack and the role of each parameter. It also gives several recommended configuration ranks to help choose the appropriate rank according to the usage scenario.

### Protocol Stack Operation Mode

ESP32-C5 datapath

The ESP32-C5 protocol stack is divided into four layers: Application, LwIP, Wi-Fi, and Hardware.

> - During receiving, hardware puts the received packet into DMA buffer, and then transfers it into the RX buffer of Wi-Fi and LwIP in turn for related protocol processing, and finally to the application layer. The Wi-Fi RX buffer and the LwIP RX buffer shares the same buffer by default. In other words, the Wi-Fi forwards the packet to LwIP by reference by default.

> - During sending, the application copies the messages to be sent into the TX buffer of the LwIP layer for TCP/IP encapsulation. The messages will then be passed to the TX buffer of the Wi-Fi layer for MAC encapsulation and wait to be sent.

### Parameters

Increasing the size or number of the buffers mentioned above properly can improve Wi-Fi performance. Meanwhile, it will reduce available memory to the application. The following is an introduction to the parameters that users need to configure:

RX direction:

> - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM

>     This parameter indicates the number of DMA buffer at the hardware layer. Increasing this parameter will increase the sender's one-time receiving throughput, thereby improving the Wi-Fi protocol stack ability to handle burst traffic.

> - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM

>     This parameter indicates the number of RX buffer in the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet reception. This parameter needs to match the RX buffer size of the LwIP layer.

> - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_RX_BA_WIN

>     This parameter indicates the size of the AMPDU BA Window at the receiving end. This parameter should be configured to the smaller value between twice of CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM and CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM.

> - CONFIG_LWIP_TCP_WND_DEFAULT

>     This parameter represents the RX buffer size of the LwIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM (KB) to reach a high and stable performance. Meanwhile, in case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.

TX direction:

> - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_TX_BUFFER

>     This parameter indicates the type of TX buffer, it is recommended to configure it as a dynamic buffer, which can make full use of memory.

> - CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM

>     This parameter indicates the number of TX buffer on the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet sending. The parameter value needs to match the TX buffer size of the LwIP layer.

> - CONFIG_LWIP_TCP_SND_BUF_DEFAULT

>     This parameter represents the TX buffer size of the LwIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM (KB) to reach a high and stable performance. In case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.

Throughput optimization by placing code in IRAM:

Note

The buffer size mentioned above is fixed as 1.6 KB.

### How to Configure Parameters

The memory of ESP32-C5 is shared by protocol stack and applications.

Here, several configuration ranks are given. In most cases, the user should select a suitable rank for parameter configuration according to the size of the memory occupied by the application.

The parameters not mentioned in the following table should be set to the default.

### Using PSRAM

PSRAM is generally used when the application takes up a lot of memory. In this mode, the CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_TX_BUFFER is forced to be static. CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_STATIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM indicates the number of DMA buffers at the hardware layer, and increasing this parameter can improve performance. The following are the recommended ranks for using PSRAM:

## Wi-Fi Menuconfig

### Wi-Fi Buffer Configure

If you are going to modify the default number or type of buffer, it would be helpful to also have an overview of how the buffer is allocated/freed in the data path. The following diagram shows this process in the TX direction:

TX Buffer Allocation

Description:

> - The application allocates the data which needs to be sent out.

> - The application calls TCPIP-/Socket-related APIs to send the user data. These APIs will allocate a PBUF used in LwIP, and make a copy of the user data.

> - When LwIP calls a Wi-Fi API to send the PBUF, the Wi-Fi API will allocate a "Dynamic Tx Buffer" or "Static Tx Buffer", make a copy of the LwIP PBUF, and finally send the data.

The following diagram shows how buffer is allocated/freed in the RX direction:

RX Buffer Allocation

Description:

> - The Wi-Fi hardware receives a packet over the air and puts the packet content to the "Static Rx Buffer", which is also called "RX DMA Buffer".

> - The Wi-Fi driver allocates a "Dynamic Rx Buffer", makes a copy of the "Static Rx Buffer", and returns the "Static Rx Buffer" to hardware.

> - The Wi-Fi driver delivers the packet to the upper-layer (LwIP), and allocates a PBUF for holding the "Dynamic Rx Buffer".

> - The application receives data from LwIP.

The diagram shows the configuration of the Wi-Fi internal buffer.

Buffer Type | Alloc Type | Default | Configurable | Description
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Static RX Buffer (Hardware RX Buffer) | Static | 10 * 1600 Bytes | Yes | This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in `esp_wifi_init()` and freed in `esp_wifi_deinit()`. The ‘Static Rx Buffer’ forms the hardware receiving list. Upon receiving a frame over the air, hardware writes the frame into the buffer and raises an interrupt to the CPU. Then, the Wi-Fi driver reads the content from the buffer and returns the buffer back to the list. If needs be, the application can reduce the memory statically allocated by Wi-Fi. It can reduce this value from 10 to 6 to save 6400 Bytes of memory. It is not recommended to reduce the configuration to a value less than 6 unless the AMPDU feature is disabled.
Dynamic RX Buffer | Dynamic | 32 | Yes | The buffer length is variable and it depends on the received frames’ length. When the Wi-Fi driver receives a frame from the ‘Hardware Rx Buffer’, the ‘Dynamic Rx Buffer’ needs to be allocated from the heap. The number of the Dynamic Rx Buffer, configured in the menuconfig, is used to limit the total un-freed Dynamic Rx Buffer number.
Dynamic TX Buffer | Dynamic | 32 | Yes | This is a kind of DMA memory. It is allocated to the heap. When the upper-layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Dynamic TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer. The Dynamic and Static TX Buffers are mutually exclusive.
Static TX Buffer | Static | 16 * 1600Bytes | Yes | This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in `esp_wifi_init()` and freed in `esp_wifi_deinit()`. When the upper-layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Static TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer. The Dynamic and Static TX Buffer are mutually exclusive. The TX buffer must be a DMA buffer. For this reason, if PSRAM is enabled, the TX buffer must be static.
Management Short Buffer | Dynamic | 8 | NO | Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.
Management Long Buffer | Dynamic | 32 | NO | Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.
Management Long Long Buffer | Dynamic | 32 | NO | Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.

### Wi-Fi NVS Flash

If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled, all Wi-Fi configurations set via the Wi-Fi APIs will be stored into flash, and the Wi-Fi driver will start up with these configurations the next time it powers on/reboots. However, the application can choose to disable the Wi-Fi NVS flash if it does not need to store the configurations into persistent memory, or has its own persistent storage, or simply due to debugging reasons, etc.

### Wi-Fi Aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit (AMPDU)

ESP32-C5 supports both receiving and transmitting AMPDU, and the AMPDU can greatly improve the Wi-Fi throughput.

Generally, the AMPDU should be enabled. Disabling AMPDU is usually for debugging purposes.

## Troubleshooting

Please refer to a separate document with Espressif Wireshark User Guide.

Was this page helpful?

- Thank you! We received your feedback.
- If you have any comments, fill in Espressif Documentation Feedback Form.

- We value your feedback.
- Let us know how we can improve this page by filling in Espressif Documentation Feedback Form.