# Power Management

[中文]

## Overview

Power management algorithm included in ESP-IDF can adjust the advanced peripheral bus (APB) frequency, CPU frequency, and put the chip into Light-sleep mode to run an application at smallest possible power consumption, given the requirements of application components.

Application components can express their requirements by creating and acquiring power management locks.

For example:

- Driver for a peripheral clocked from APB can request the APB frequency to be set to 80 MHz while the peripheral is used.

- RTOS can request the CPU to run at the highest configured frequency while there are tasks ready to run.

- A peripheral driver may need interrupts to be enabled, which means it has to request disabling Light-sleep.

Since requesting higher APB or CPU frequencies or disabling Light-sleep causes higher current consumption, please keep the usage of power management locks by components to a minimum.

## Configuration

Power management can be enabled at compile time, using the option CONFIG_PM_ENABLE.

Enabling power management features comes at the cost of increased interrupt latency. Extra latency depends on a number of factors, such as the CPU frequency, single/dual core mode, whether or not frequency switch needs to be done. Minimum extra latency is 0.2 us (when the CPU frequency is 240 MHz and frequency scaling is not enabled). Maximum extra latency is 40 us (when frequency scaling is enabled, and a switch from 40 MHz to 80 MHz is performed on interrupt entry).

Dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) and automatic Light-sleep can be enabled in an application by calling the function `esp_pm_configure()`. Its argument is a structure defining the frequency scaling settings, `esp_pm_config_t`. In this structure, three fields need to be initialized:

> - `max_freq_mhz`: Maximum CPU frequency in MHz, i.e., the frequency used when the `ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX` lock is acquired. This field is usually set to the default CPU frequency.

- `min_freq_mhz`: Minimum CPU frequency in MHz, indicating the frequency used when not holding the power management lock.

  - `light_sleep_enable`: Whether the system should automatically enter Light-sleep when no locks are acquired (`true`/`false`).

Alternatively, if you enable the option CONFIG_PM_DFS_INIT_AUTO in menuconfig, the maximum CPU frequency will be determined by the CONFIG_ESP_DEFAULT_CPU_FREQ_MHZ setting, and the minimum CPU frequency will be locked to the XTAL frequency.

Note

Automatic Light-sleep is based on FreeRTOS Tickless Idle functionality. If automatic Light-sleep is requested while the option CONFIG_FREERTOS_USE_TICKLESS_IDLE is not enabled in menuconfig, `esp_pm_configure()` will return the error ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED.

Note

In Light-sleep, peripherals are clock gated, and interrupts (from GPIOs and internal peripherals) will not be generated. A wakeup source described in the Sleep Modes documentation can be used to trigger wakeup from the Light-sleep state.

For example, the EXT0 and EXT1 wakeup sources can be used to wake up the chip via a GPIO.

## Power Management Locks

Applications have the ability to acquire/release locks in order to control the power management algorithm. When an application acquires a lock, the power management algorithm operation is restricted in a way described below. When the lock is released, such restrictions are removed.

Power management locks have acquire/release counters. If the lock has been acquired a number of times, it needs to be released the same number of times to remove associated restrictions.

ESP32-C5 supports three types of locks described in the table below.

Lock | Description
--- | ---
`ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX` | Requests CPU frequency to be at the maximum value set with `esp_pm_configure()`. For ESP32-C5, this value can be set to 80 MHz, 160 MHz or 240 MHz.
`ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` | Requests the APB frequency to be at the maximum supported value. For ESP32-C5, this is 80 MHz.
`ESP_PM_NO_LIGHT_SLEEP` | Disables automatic switching to Light-sleep.

## ESP32-C5 Power Management Algorithm

The table below shows how CPU and APB frequencies will be switched if dynamic frequency scaling is enabled. You can specify the maximum CPU frequency with either `esp_pm_configure()` or CONFIG_ESP_DEFAULT_CPU_FREQ_MHZ.

Max CPU Frequency Set | Lock Acquisition | CPU and APB Frequencies
240 | `ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX` acquired | CPU: 240 MHz APB: 80 MHz
`ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` acquired, `ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX` not acquired | CPU: 80 MHz APB: 80 MHz
None | Min values for both frequencies set with `esp_pm_configure()`
80 | Any of `ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX` or `ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` acquired | CPU: 80 MHz APB: 80 MHz
None | Min values for both frequencies set with `esp_pm_configure()`

If none of the locks are acquired, and Light-sleep is enabled in a call to `esp_pm_configure()`, the system will go into Light-sleep mode. The duration of Light-sleep will be determined by:

- FreeRTOS tasks blocked with finite timeouts

- Timers registered with High resolution timer APIs

Light-sleep duration is chosen to wake up the chip before the nearest event (task being unblocked, or timer elapses).

To skip unnecessary wake-up, you can consider initializing an `esp_timer` with the `skip_unhandled_events` option as `true`. Timers with this flag will not wake up the system and it helps to reduce consumption.

## Automatic Light-sleep Time Compensation Mechanism

ESP-IDF uses a predictive time compensation mechanism for automatic Light-sleep. The system measures the actual wakeup overhead after each Light-sleep cycle and uses this measurement to predict the wakeup overhead for the next sleep cycle.

The system calculates sleep duration based on the next scheduled event and subtracts the predicted wakeup overhead (from the previous cycle) to set the wakeup timer. After wakeup, since FreeRTOS systick interrupts are suspended during sleep, the system needs to call `vTaskStepTick()` to compensate for the ticks elapsed during sleep, maintaining the accuracy of FreeRTOS tick count. Meanwhile, it measures the actual overhead and stores it for the next prediction, creating a feedback loop that adapts to system behavior.

However, actual overhead can vary due to cache misses, CPU frequency changes, flash latency variations, or hardware state restoration time. When actual overhead exceeds prediction, the actual sleep time may exceed the expected value, causing `vTaskStepTick()` to receive an excessive tick compensation value, triggering assertion failure.

The CONFIG_PM_LIGHTSLEEP_TICK_OVERFLOW_PROTECTION option provides a safety mechanism to prevent assertion failures when wakeup overhead exceeds prediction. When enabled, the system limits the tick compensation value to prevent overflow. This option can be enabled in menuconfig via `Component config` > `Power Management` > `Enable light sleep tick overflow protection`.

When enabled, this option handles oversleep as follows: - If oversleep is within tolerance (configurable via CONFIG_PM_LIGHTSLEEP_TICK_OVERFLOW_TOLERANCE, default: 2 ticks), the system silently limits `slept_ticks` to `xExpectedIdleTime`, preventing assertion failure - If oversleep exceeds tolerance (may indicate a bug), the system does not limit ticks, logs an error message, and assertion failure will occur - In rare edge cases, it may lose ticks, causing FreeRTOS tick count (`xTickCount`) to lag behind real time (`esp_timer`). Tasks using `vTaskDelay()` may experience slightly longer delays than expected, and FreeRTOS software timers may have reduced accuracy.

When disabled (default), the system provides accurate tick compensation with better precision for time-critical applications. In edge cases, if wakeup overhead estimation is insufficient causing Light-sleep oversleep, assertion failure and system crash may occur.

It is recommended to keep this option disabled by default to maintain tick accuracy. Enable it only when you experience assertion failures related to `vTaskStepTick()` and can accept slight inaccuracy of RTOS tick time compared to real time.

## Debugging and Profiling

The power management subsystem provides several functions to help debug and profile power management lock usage in applications:

- `esp_pm_dump_locks()` - Dumps a list of all currently created locks to a specified stream, showing their types, names, and current acquisition status.

- `esp_pm_get_lock_stats_all()` - Retrieves statistics for all PM lock types, including the number of locks created and the number currently acquired.

- `esp_pm_lock_get_stats()` - Gets detailed statistics for a specific lock instance, including acquisition count and (if profiling is enabled) the number of times taken and total time held.

These functions are particularly useful for:

1. Identifying leaks where locks are acquired but never released

2. Understanding which components are preventing power savings

3. Optimizing power consumption by analyzing lock usage patterns

4. Debugging issues related to lock management in applications

To enable profiling features (timing information for individual locks), enable the CONFIG_PM_PROFILING option in menuconfig.

## Dynamic Frequency Scaling and Peripheral Drivers

When DFS is enabled, the APB frequency can be changed multiple times within a single RTOS tick. The APB frequency change does not affect the operation of some peripherals, while other peripherals may have issues. For example, Timer Group peripheral timers keeps counting, however, the speed at which they count changes proportionally to the APB frequency.

Peripheral clock sources such as `REF_TICK`, `XTAL`, `RC_FAST` (i.e., `RTC_8M`), their frequencies will not be inflenced by APB frequency. And therefore, to ensure the peripheral behaves consistently during DFS, it is recommended to select one of these clocks as the peripheral clock source. For more specific guidelines, please refer to the "Power Management" section of each peripheral's "API Reference > Peripherals API" page.

Currently, the following peripheral drivers are aware of DFS and use the `ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` lock for the duration of the transaction:

- SPI master

- I2C

- I2S

- SDMMC

The following drivers hold the `ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` lock while the driver is enabled:

- SPI slave: between calls to `spi_slave_initialize()` and `spi_slave_free()`.

- GPTimer: between calls to `gptimer_enable()` and `gptimer_disable()`.

- Ethernet: between calls to `esp_eth_driver_install()` and `esp_eth_driver_uninstall()`.

- WiFi: between calls to `esp_wifi_start()` and `esp_wifi_stop()`. If modem sleep is enabled, the lock will be released for the periods of time when radio is disabled.

- TWAI: between calls to `twai_driver_install()` and `twai_driver_uninstall()` (only when the clock source is set to `TWAI_CLK_SRC_APB`).

- Bluetooth: between calls to `esp_bt_controller_enable()` and `esp_bt_controller_disable()`. If Bluetooth Modem-sleep is enabled, the `ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` lock will be released for the periods of time when radio is disabled. However the `ESP_PM_NO_LIGHT_SLEEP` lock will still be held.

- PCNT: between calls to `pcnt_unit_enable()` and `pcnt_unit_disable()`.

- Sigma-delta: between calls to `sdm_channel_enable()` and `sdm_channel_disable()`.

- MCPWM: between calls to `mcpwm_timer_enable()` and `mcpwm_timer_disable()`, as well as `mcpwm_capture_timer_enable()` and `mcpwm_capture_timer_disable()`.

## Light-sleep Peripheral Power Down

> ESP32-C5 supports power-down peripherals during Light-sleep.

> If CONFIG_PM_POWER_DOWN_PERIPHERAL_IN_LIGHT_SLEEP is enabled, when the driver initializes the peripheral, the driver will register the working register context of the peripheral to the sleep retention link. Before entering sleep, the `REG_DMA` peripheral reads the configuration in the sleep retention link, and back up the register context to memory according to the configuration. `REG_DMA` also restores context from memory to peripheral registers on wakeup.

> Currently ESP-IDF supports Light-sleep context retention for the following peripherals. Their context is automatically restored, or they provide some option for the user to enable this feature and goes into peripheral power down mode.

> - INT_MTX

> - TEE/APM

> - IO_MUX / GPIO

> - MSPI (SPI0/1)

> - SYSTIMER

> - GPTimer

> - RMT

> - ETM

> - LEDC

> - I2C

> - MCPWM

> - All UARTs

> - Temperature Sensor

> - All TWAIs

> - PARL_IO

> - All GPSPIs

> Some peripherals haven't support Light-sleep context retention, or it cannot survive from the register lose. They will prevent the power-down of peripherals even when the feature is enabled.

> - SDIO Slave

> - PCNT

> The following peripherals (and those not listed in any group of this section) are not yet supported. If your application uses these peripherals, they may not work well after waking up from sleep.

> - ASSIST_DEBUG

> - Trace

> - Crypto: AES/ECC/HMAC/RSA/SHA/DS/XTA_AES/ECDSA

> - USB-Serial-JTAG

> - SARADC

> Note

> When the peripheral power domain is powered down during sleep, both the IO_MUX and GPIO modules are inactive, meaning the chip pins' state is not maintained by these modules. To preserve the state of an IO during sleep, it's essential to call `gpio_hold_dis()` and `gpio_hold_en()` before and after configuring the GPIO state. This action ensures that the IO configuration is latched and prevents the IO from becoming floating while in sleep mode.

## API Reference

### Header File

- components/esp_pm/include/esp_pm.h

- This header file can be included with:

  >     #include "esp_pm.h"

- This header file is a part of the API provided by the `esp_pm` component. To declare that your component depends on `esp_pm`, add the following to your CMakeLists.txt:

  >     REQUIRES esp_pm

  > or

  >     PRIV_REQUIRES esp_pm

### Functions

esp_err_t esp_pm_configure(const void *config)

  Set implementation-specific power management configuration.

  Parameters:

    config -- pointer to implementation-specific configuration structure (e.g. esp_pm_config_esp32)

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the configuration values are not correct

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if certain combination of values is not supported, or if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_get_configuration(void *config)

  Get implementation-specific power management configuration.

  Parameters:

    config -- pointer to implementation-specific configuration structure (e.g. esp_pm_config_esp32)

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the pointer is null

esp_err_t esp_pm_lock_create(esp_pm_lock_type_t lock_type, int arg, const char *name, esp_pm_lock_handle_t *out_handle)

  Initialize a lock handle for certain power management parameter.

  When lock is created, initially it is not taken. Call esp_pm_lock_acquire to take the lock.

  This function must not be called from an ISR.

  Note

  If the lock_type argument is not valid, it will cause an abort.

  Parameters:

    - lock_type -- Power management constraint which the lock should control

    - arg -- argument, value depends on lock_type, see esp_pm_lock_type_t

    - name -- arbitrary string identifying the lock (e.g. "wifi" or "spi"). Used by the esp_pm_dump_locks function to list existing locks. May be set to NULL. If not set to NULL, must point to a string which is valid for the lifetime of the lock.

    - out_handle -- [out] handle returned from this function. Use this handle when calling esp_pm_lock_delete, esp_pm_lock_acquire, esp_pm_lock_release. Must not be NULL.

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_NO_MEM if the lock structure can not be allocated

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if out_handle is NULL

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_lock_acquire(esp_pm_lock_handle_t handle)

  Take a power management lock.

  Once the lock is taken, power management algorithm will not switch to the mode specified in a call to esp_pm_lock_create, or any of the lower power modes (higher numeric values of 'mode').

  The lock is recursive, in the sense that if esp_pm_lock_acquire is called a number of times, esp_pm_lock_release has to be called the same number of times in order to release the lock.

  This function may be called from an ISR.

  This function is not thread-safe w.r.t. calls to other esp_pm_lock_* functions for the same handle.

  Parameters:

    handle -- handle obtained from esp_pm_lock_create function

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the handle is invalid

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_lock_release(esp_pm_lock_handle_t handle)

  Release the lock taken using esp_pm_lock_acquire.

  Call to this functions removes power management restrictions placed when taking the lock.

  Locks are recursive, so if esp_pm_lock_acquire is called a number of times, esp_pm_lock_release has to be called the same number of times in order to actually release the lock.

  This function may be called from an ISR.

  This function is not thread-safe w.r.t. calls to other esp_pm_lock_* functions for the same handle.

  Parameters:

    handle -- handle obtained from esp_pm_lock_create function

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the handle is invalid

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE if lock is not acquired

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_lock_delete(esp_pm_lock_handle_t handle)

  Delete a lock created using esp_pm_lock.

  The lock must be released before calling this function.

  This function must not be called from an ISR.

  Parameters:

    handle -- handle obtained from esp_pm_lock_create function

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if the handle argument is NULL

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE if the lock is still acquired

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_dump_locks(FILE *stream)

  Dump the list of all locks to stderr

  This function dumps debugging information about locks created using esp_pm_lock_create to an output stream.

  This function must not be called from an ISR. If esp_pm_lock_acquire/release are called while this function is running, inconsistent results may be reported.

  Parameters:

    stream -- stream to print information to; use stdout or stderr to print to the console; use fmemopen/open_memstream to print to a string buffer.

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_get_lock_stats_all(esp_pm_lock_stats_t stats[ESP_PM_LOCK_MAX])

  Get statistics for all PM lock types.

  This function returns the number of locks created for each lock type and the total number of times locks of each type have been acquired.

  Parameters:

    stats -- pointer to array of esp_pm_lock_stats_t with ESP_PM_LOCK_MAX elements

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if stats pointer is invalid

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

esp_err_t esp_pm_lock_get_stats(esp_pm_lock_handle_t handle, esp_pm_lock_instance_stats_t *stats)

  Get statistics for a single PM lock instance.

  This function returns statistics for a specific lock instance, including the number of times it has been acquired and released.

  Parameters:

    - handle -- handle of the lock to get statistics for

    - stats -- pointer to esp_pm_lock_instance_stats_t structure to fill

  Returns:

    - ESP_OK on success

    - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG if handle or stats pointer is invalid

    - ESP_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if CONFIG_PM_ENABLE is not enabled in sdkconfig

### Structures

struct esp_pm_config_t

  Power management config.

  Pass a pointer to this structure as an argument to esp_pm_configure function.

  Public Members

  int max_freq_mhz

    Maximum CPU frequency, in MHz

  int min_freq_mhz

    Minimum CPU frequency to use when no locks are taken, in MHz

  bool light_sleep_enable

    Enter light sleep when no locks are taken

struct esp_pm_lock_stats_t

  Structure to store PM lock statistics for each lock type.

  Public Members

  size_t created

    Number of locks of this type that have been created

  size_t acquired

    Total number of times locks of this type have been acquired

struct esp_pm_lock_instance_stats_t

  Structure to store statistics for a single PM lock instance.

  Public Members

  size_t acquired

    Current reference count of the lock (number of times it has been acquired without corresponding release)

### Type Definitions

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32_t

  backward compatibility newer chips no longer require this typedef

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32s2_t

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32s3_t

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32c3_t

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32c2_t

typedef esp_pm_config_t esp_pm_config_esp32c6_t

typedef struct esp_pm_lock *esp_pm_lock_handle_t

  Opaque handle to the power management lock.

### Enumerations

enum esp_pm_lock_type_t

  Power management constraints.

  Values:

  enumerator ESP_PM_CPU_FREQ_MAX

    Require CPU frequency to be at the maximum value set via esp_pm_configure. Argument is unused and should be set to 0.

  enumerator ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX

    Require APB frequency to be at the maximum value supported by the chip. Argument is unused and should be set to 0.

  enumerator ESP_PM_NO_LIGHT_SLEEP

    Prevent the system from going into light sleep. Argument is unused and should be set to 0.

  enumerator ESP_PM_LOCK_MAX

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