# Application Level Tracing Library

[中文]

## Overview

ESP-IDF provides a useful feature for program behavior analysis: application level tracing. It is implemented in the corresponding library and can be enabled in menuconfig. This feature allows to transfer arbitrary data between host and ESP32-S2 via JTAG, UART, or USB interfaces with small overhead on program execution. It is possible to use JTAG and UART interfaces simultaneously. The UART interface is mostly used for connection with SEGGER SystemView tool (see SystemView).

Developers can use this library to send application-specific state of execution to the host and receive commands or other types of information from the opposite direction at runtime. The main use cases of this library are:

1. Collecting application-specific data. See Application Specific Tracing.

2. Lightweight logging to the host. See Logging to Host.

3. System behavior analysis. See System Behavior Analysis with SEGGER SystemView.

4. Source code coverage. See Gcov (Source Code Coverage).

Tracing components used when working over JTAG interface are shown in the figure below.

Tracing Components Used When Working Over JTAG

## Modes of Operation

The library supports two modes of operation:

Post-mortem mode: This is the default mode. The mode does not need interaction with the host side. In this mode, tracing module does not check whether the host has read all the data from HW UP BUFFER, but directly overwrites old data with the new ones. This mode is useful when only the latest trace data is interesting to the user, e.g., for analyzing program's behavior just before the crash. The host can read the data later on upon user request, e.g., via special OpenOCD command in case of working via JTAG interface.

Streaming mode: Tracing module enters this mode when the host connects to ESP32-S2. In this mode, before writing new data to HW UP BUFFER, the tracing module checks that whether there is enough space in it and if necessary, waits for the host to read data and free enough memory. Maximum waiting time is controlled via timeout values passed by users to corresponding API routines. So when application tries to write data to the trace buffer using the finite value of the maximum waiting time, it is possible that this data will be dropped. This is especially true for tracing from time critical code (ISRs, OS scheduler code, etc.) where infinite timeouts can lead to system malfunction.

## Configuration Options and Dependencies

Using of this feature depends on two components:

1. Host side: Application tracing is done over JTAG, so it needs OpenOCD to be set up and running on host machine. For instructions on how to set it up, please see JTAG Debugging for details.

2. Target side: Application tracing functionality can be enabled in menuconfig. Important: You must first enable application tracing by going to `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Trace transport` and selecting `ESP-IDF apptrace`. After that, configuration can be done at `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Application Level Tracing`. Here you can configure the destination for the trace data. For UART interfaces, users have to define port number, baud rate, TX and RX pins numbers, and additional UART-related parameters. When any trace library is selected (for example SEGGER SystemView), these settings will be used for the library as well.

Note

In order to achieve higher data rates and minimize the number of dropped packets, it is recommended to optimize the setting of JTAG clock frequency, so that it is at maximum and still provides stable operation of JTAG. See Optimize JTAG Speed.

There are some additional menuconfig options not mentioned above:

1. Threshold for flushing last trace data to host on panic (CONFIG_APPTRACE_POSTMORTEM_FLUSH_THRESH). This option is necessary due to the nature of working over JTAG. In this mode, trace data is exposed to the host in 16 KB blocks. In post-mortem mode, when one block is filled, it is exposed to the host and the previous one becomes unavailable. In other words, the trace data is overwritten in 16 KB granularity. On panic, the latest data from the current input block is exposed to the host and the host can read them for post-analysis. System panic may occur when a very small amount of data are not exposed to the host yet. In this case, the previous 16 KB of collected data will be lost and the host will see the latest, but very small piece of the trace. It can be insufficient to diagnose the problem. This menuconfig option allows avoiding such situations. It controls the threshold for flushing data in case of apanic. For example, users can decide that it needs no less than 512 bytes of the recent trace data, so if there is less then 512 bytes of pending data at the moment of panic, they will not be flushed and will not overwrite the previous 16 KB. The option is only meaningful in post-mortem mode and when working over JTAG.

2. Timeout for flushing last trace data to host on panic (CONFIG_APPTRACE_ONPANIC_HOST_FLUSH_TMO). The option is only meaningful in streaming mode and it controls the maximum time that the tracing module will wait for the host to read the last data in case of panic.

3. Internal Sync Lock (CONFIG_APPTRACE_LOCK_ENABLE). Enable this option to protect trace buffer writes with locks, preventing data corruption when multiple tasks generate trace data concurrently.

4. UART RX/TX ring buffer size (CONFIG_APPTRACE_UART_TX_BUFF_SIZE). The size of the buffer depends on the amount of data transferred through the UART.

5. UART TX message size (CONFIG_APPTRACE_UART_TX_MSG_SIZE). The maximum size of the single message to transfer.

## How to Use This Library

This library provides APIs for transferring arbitrary data between the host and ESP32-S2. When enabled in menuconfig, the application tracing module is automatically initialized during system startup using configuration from menuconfig. Users can then call corresponding APIs to send, receive, or flush the data.

Optionally, users can override the default configuration by implementing the weak callback function `esp_apptrace_get_user_params()`. This callback will be active when there is no selected trace library, meaning the Application Level Tracing library (`app_trace` component) will be working standalone. Otherwise, `esp_trace_get_user_params()` will be used for overriding the configuration.

## Quick Start Summary

1. Standalone usage with Application Level Tracing APIs

   In menuconfig, disable the trace library and enable the Application Level Tracing transport:

   - `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Trace library`: select `None`

   - `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Trace transport`: select `ESP-IDF apptrace`

   Alternatively, set these options in `sdkconfig.defaults` to enforce standalone mode:

       CONFIG_ESP_TRACE_ENABLE=y
       CONFIG_ESP_TRACE_LIB_NONE=y
       CONFIG_ESP_TRACE_TRANSPORT_APPTRACE=y

   Configure the destination in `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Application Level Tracing`.

2. Runtime configuration via `esp_apptrace_get_user_params()`

   - If you select `All (runtime selection)` in Kconfig (`APPTRACE_DEST_ALL`), the callback can switch between JTAG and UART at runtime and adjust their parameters.

   - If you select a single destination (JTAG or UART) in Kconfig, the callback can override that destination's parameters at runtime, but it cannot switch the destination type.

Note

Application tracing can also work as a transport adapter to the esp_trace library. In this case, the Application Level Tracing library will not be used directly, but rather through the selected esp_trace library with new APIs.

Note

The code examples below are valid when the Application Level Tracing library is used standalone without a trace library.

### Application Specific Tracing

In general, users should decide what type of data should be transferred in every direction and how these data must be interpreted (processed). The following steps must be performed to transfer data between the target and the host:

1. Configuration: Application tracing is automatically initialized during system startup using configuration from menuconfig. If you need to override the default configuration at runtime (e.g., to use custom UART pins), implement the `esp_apptrace_get_user_params()` callback:

   >     #include "esp_app_trace.h"

   >     esp_apptrace_config_t *esp_apptrace_get_user_params(void)
   >     {
   >         esp_apptrace_config_t config = APPTRACE_CONFIG_DEFAULT();

   >         // Customize configuration if needed
   >         // For example, to use different UART pins:
   >         config.dest_cfg.uart.tx_pin_num = GPIO_NUM_17;
   >         config.dest_cfg.uart.rx_pin_num = GPIO_NUM_16;

   >         return config;
   >     }

   > Note

   > This callback is optional. Only implement it if you need to override menuconfig settings. For most use cases, configuring through menuconfig is sufficient.

2. On the target side, users should implement algorithms for writing trace data to the host. Piece of code below shows an example on how to do this.

   >     #include "esp_app_trace.h"
   >     ...
   >     char buf[] = "Hello World!";
   >     esp_err_t res = esp_apptrace_write(buf, strlen(buf), ESP_APPTRACE_TMO_INFINITE);
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to write data to host!");
   >         return res;
   >     }

   > The `esp_apptrace_write()` function uses memcpy to copy user data to the internal buffer. In some cases, it can be more optimal to use `esp_apptrace_buffer_get()` and `esp_apptrace_buffer_put()` functions. They allow developers to allocate buffer and fill it themselves. The following piece of code shows how to do this.

   >     #include "esp_app_trace.h"
   >     ...
   >     int number = 10;
   >     char *ptr = (char *)esp_apptrace_buffer_get(32, 100/*tmo in us*/);
   >     if (ptr == NULL) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to get buffer!");
   >         return ESP_FAIL;
   >     }
   >     sprintf(ptr, "Here is the number %d", number);
   >     esp_err_t res = esp_apptrace_buffer_put(ptr, 100/*tmo in us*/);
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         /* in case of error host tracing tool (e.g., OpenOCD) will report incomplete user buffer */
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to put buffer!");
   >         return res;
   >     }

   > Also according to his needs, the user may want to receive data from the host. Piece of code below shows an example on how to do this.

   >     #include "esp_app_trace.h"
   >     ...
   >     char buf[32];
   >     char down_buf[32];
   >     size_t sz = sizeof(buf);

   >     /* config down buffer */
   >     esp_err_t res = esp_apptrace_down_buffer_config(down_buf, sizeof(down_buf));
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to config down buffer!");
   >         return res;
   >     }
   >     /* check for incoming data and read them if any */
   >     res = esp_apptrace_read(buf, &sz, 0/*do not wait*/);
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to read data from host!");
   >         return res;
   >     }
   >     if (sz > 0) {
   >         /* we have data, process them */
   >         ...
   >     }

   > The `esp_apptrace_read()` function uses memcpy to copy host data to user buffer. In some cases, it can be more optimal to use `esp_apptrace_down_buffer_get()` and `esp_apptrace_down_buffer_put()` functions. They allow developers to occupy chunk of read buffer and process it in-place. The following piece of code shows how to do this.

   >     #include "esp_app_trace.h"
   >     ...
   >     char down_buf[32];
   >     uint32_t *number;
   >     size_t sz = 32;

   >     /* config down buffer */
   >     esp_err_t res = esp_apptrace_down_buffer_config(down_buf, sizeof(down_buf));
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to config down buffer!");
   >         return res;
   >     }
   >     char *ptr = (char *)esp_apptrace_down_buffer_get(&sz, 100/*tmo in us*/);
   >     if (ptr == NULL) {
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to get buffer!");
   >         return ESP_FAIL;
   >     }
   >     if (sz > 4) {
   >         number = (uint32_t *)ptr;
   >         printf("Here is the number %d", *number);
   >     } else {
   >         printf("No data");
   >     }
   >     res = esp_apptrace_down_buffer_put(ptr, 100/*tmo in us*/);
   >     if (res != ESP_OK) {
   >         /* in case of error host tracing tool (e.g., OpenOCD) will report incomplete user buffer */
   >         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to put buffer!");
   >         return res;
   >     }

3. The next step is to build the program image and download it to the target as described in the Getting Started Guide.

4. Run OpenOCD (see JTAG Debugging).

5. Connect to OpenOCD telnet server. It can be done using the following command in terminal `telnet <oocd_host> 4444`. If telnet session is opened on the same machine which runs OpenOCD, you can use `localhost` as `<oocd_host>` in the command above.

6. Start trace data collection using special OpenOCD command. This command will transfer tracing data and redirect them to the specified file or socket. For description of the corresponding commands, see OpenOCD Application Level Tracing Commands.

7. The final step is to process received data. Since the format of data is defined by users, the processing stage is out of the scope of this document. Good starting points for data processor are python scripts in `$IDF_PATH/tools/esp_app_trace`: `apptrace_proc.py` (used for feature tests) and `logtrace_proc.py` (see more details in section Logging to Host).

#### OpenOCD Application Level Tracing Commands

HW UP BUFFER is shared between user data blocks and the filling of the allocated memory is performed on behalf of the API caller (in task or ISR context). In multithreading environment, it can happen that the task/ISR which fills the buffer is preempted by another high priority task/ISR. So it is possible that the user data preparation process is not completed at the moment when that chunk is read by the host. To handle such conditions, the tracing module prepends all user data chunks with header which contains the allocated user buffer size (2 bytes) and the length of the actually written data (2 bytes). So the total length of the header is 4 bytes. OpenOCD command which reads trace data reports error when it reads incomplete user data chunk, but in any case, it puts the contents of the whole user chunk (including unfilled area) to the output file.

Below is the description of available OpenOCD application tracing commands.

Note

Currently, OpenOCD does not provide commands to send arbitrary user data to the target.

Command usage:

`esp apptrace [start <options>] | [stop] | [status] | [dump <cores_num> <outfile>]`

Sub-commands:

`start`

  Start tracing (continuous streaming).

`stop`

  Stop tracing.

`status`

  Get tracing status.

`dump`

  Dump all data from (post-mortem dump).

Start command syntax:

> `start <outfile> [poll_period [trace_size [stop_tmo [wait4halt [skip_size]]]]`

`outfile`

  Path to file to save data from both CPUs. This argument should have the following format: `file://path/to/file`.

`poll_period`

  Data polling period (in ms) for available trace data. If greater than 0, then command runs in non-blocking mode. By default, 1 ms.

`trace_size`

  Maximum size of data to collect (in bytes). Tracing is stopped after specified amount of data is received. By default, -1 (trace size stop trigger is disabled).

`stop_tmo`

  Idle timeout (in sec). Tracing is stopped if there is no data for specified period of time. By default, -1 (disable this stop trigger). Optionally set it to value longer than longest pause between tracing commands from target.

`wait4halt`

  If 0, start tracing immediately, otherwise command waits for the target to be halted (after reset, by breakpoint etc.) and then automatically resumes it and starts tracing. By default, 0.

`skip_size`

  Number of bytes to skip at the start. By default, 0.

Note

If `poll_period` is 0, OpenOCD telnet command line will not be available until tracing is stopped. You must stop it manually by resetting the board or pressing Ctrl+C in OpenOCD window (not one with the telnet session). Another option is to set `trace_size` and wait until this size of data is collected. At this point, tracing stops automatically.

Command usage examples:

1. Collect 2048 bytes of tracing data to the file `trace.log`. The file will be saved in the `openocd-esp32` directory.

       esp apptrace start file://trace.log 1 2048 5 0 0

   The tracing data will be retrieved and saved in non-blocking mode. This process will stop automatically after 2048 bytes are collected, or if no data are available for more than 5 seconds.

   Note

   Tracing data is buffered before it is made available to OpenOCD. If you see "Data timeout!" message, then it is likely that the target is not sending enough data to empty the buffer to OpenOCD before the timeout. Either increase the timeout or use the function `esp_apptrace_flush()` to flush the data on specific intervals.

2. Retrieve tracing data indefinitely in non-blocking mode.

       esp apptrace start file://trace.log 1 -1 -1 0 0

   There is no limitation on the size of collected data and there is no data timeout set. This process may be stopped by issuing `esp apptrace stop` command on OpenOCD telnet prompt, or by pressing Ctrl+C in OpenOCD window.

3. Retrieve tracing data and save them indefinitely.

       esp apptrace start file://trace.log 0 -1 -1 0 0

   OpenOCD telnet command line prompt will not be available until tracing is stopped. To stop tracing, press Ctrl+C in the OpenOCD window.

4. Wait for the target to be halted. Then resume the target's operation and start data retrieval. Stop after collecting 2048 bytes of data:

       esp apptrace start file://trace.log 0 2048 -1 1 0

   To configure tracing immediately after reset, use the OpenOCD `reset halt` command.

### Logging to Host

ESP-IDF implements a useful feature: logging to the host via application level tracing library. This is a kind of semihosting when all ESP_LOGx calls send strings to be printed to the host instead of UART. This can be useful because "printing to host" eliminates some steps performed when logging to UART. Most part of the work is done on the host.

By default, ESP-IDF's logging library uses vprintf-like function to write formatted output to dedicated UART. In general, it involves the following steps:

1. Format string is parsed to obtain type of each argument.

2. According to its type, every argument is converted to string representation.

3. Format string combined with converted arguments is sent to UART.

Though the implementation of the vprintf-like function can be optimized to a certain level, all steps above have to be performed in any case and every step takes some time (especially item 3). So it frequently occurs that with additional log added to the program to identify the problem, the program behavior is changed and the problem cannot be reproduced. And in the worst cases, the program cannot work normally at all and ends up with an error or even hangs.

Possible ways to overcome this problem are to use higher UART bitrates (or another faster interface) and/or to move string formatting procedure to the host.

The application level tracing feature can be used to transfer log information to the host using `esp_apptrace_vprintf` function. This function does not perform full parsing of the format string and arguments. Instead, it just calculates the number of arguments passed and sends them along with the format string address to the host. On the host, log data is processed and printed out by a special Python script.

#### Limitations

Current implementation of logging over JTAG has some limitations:

1. No support for tracing from `ESP_EARLY_LOGx` macros.

2. No support for printf arguments whose size exceeds 4 bytes (e.g., `double` and `uint64_t`).

3. Only strings from the .rodata section are supported as format strings and arguments.

4. The maximum number of printf arguments is 256.

#### How To Use It

In order to use logging via trace module, users need to perform the following steps:

1. Enable application tracing in menuconfig by going to `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Trace transport` and selecting `ESP-IDF apptrace`. After that, configuration can be done at `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Application Level Tracing`.

2. On the target side, the special vprintf-like function `esp_apptrace_vprintf()` needs to be installed. It sends log data to the host. An example is `esp_log_set_vprintf(esp_apptrace_vprintf);`. To send log data to UART again, use `esp_log_set_vprintf(vprintf);`.

3. Follow instructions in items 4-6 in Application Specific Tracing (OpenOCD setup and trace collection).

4. To print out collected log records, run the following command in terminal: `$IDF_PATH/tools/esp_app_trace/logtrace_proc.py /path/to/trace/file /path/to/program/elf/file`.

##### Log Trace Processor Command Options

Command usage:

`logtrace_proc.py [-h] [--no-errors] <trace_file> <elf_file>`

Positional arguments:

`trace_file`

  Path to log trace file.

`elf_file`

  Path to program ELF file.

Optional arguments:

`-h`, `--help`

  Show this help message and exit.

`--no-errors`, `-n`

  Do not print errors.

### System Behavior Analysis with SEGGER SystemView

Another useful ESP-IDF feature built on top of application tracing library is the system level tracing which produces traces compatible with SEGGER SystemView tool (see SystemView). SEGGER SystemView is a real-time recording and visualization tool that allows to analyze runtime behavior of an application. It is possible to view events in real-time through the UART interface.

#### How To Use It

SystemView support is provided by the managed component `espressif/esp_sysview`. The SystemView menu becomes visible only after:

1. Adding the component dependency in `idf_component.yml`:

       dependencies:
         espressif/esp_sysview: ^1

2. Selecting the external library in menuconfig: `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Trace library` > `External library from component registry`.

After that, you can configure SystemView in `Component config` > `SEGGER SystemView Configuration`. For full, up-to-date instructions, see the component README: esp_sysview.

There are several other options enabled under the same menu:

1. ESP32-S2 timer to use as SystemView timestamp source: (CONFIG_ESP_TRACE_TIMESTAMP_SOURCE) selects the source of timestamps for SystemView events. In the single core mode, timestamps are generated using ESP32-S2 internal cycle counter running at maximum frequency. (CONFIG_ESP_DEFAULT_CPU_FREQ_MHZ) In the dual-core mode, external timer is used to generate timestamps. It's frequency is 1/2 of the CPU frequency.

2. Individually enabled or disabled collection of SystemView events (`CONFIG_SEGGER_SYSVIEW_EVT_XXX`):

   > - Trace Buffer Overflow Event

   > - ISR Enter Event

   > - ISR Exit Event

   > - ISR Exit to Scheduler Event

   > - Task Start Execution Event

   > - Task Stop Execution Event

   > - Task Start Ready State Event

   > - Task Stop Ready State Event

   > - Task Create Event

   > - Task Terminate Event

   > - System Idle Event

   > - Timer Enter Event

   > - Timer Exit Event

ESP-IDF has all the code required to produce SystemView compatible traces.

3. To trace over the UART interface in real-time, first select UART as the destination in `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `Application Level Tracing`. Then select Pro or App CPU in `Component config` > `ESP Trace Configuration` > `SEGGER SystemView`.

#### OpenOCD SystemView Tracing Command Options

Command usage:

`esp sysview [start <options>] | [stop] | [status]`

Sub-commands:

`start`

  Start tracing (continuous streaming).

`stop`

  Stop tracing.

`status`

  Get tracing status.

Start command syntax:

> `start <outfile1> [outfile2] [poll_period [trace_size [stop_tmo]]]`

`outfile1`

  Path to file to save data from PRO CPU. This argument should have the following format: `file://path/to/file`.

`outfile2`

  Path to file to save data from APP CPU. This argument should have the following format: `file://path/to/file`.

`poll_period`

  Data polling period (in ms) for available trace data. If greater than 0, then command runs in non-blocking mode. By default, 1 ms.

`trace_size`

  Maximum size of data to collect (in bytes). Tracing is stopped after specified amount of data is received. By default, -1 (trace size stop trigger is disabled).

`stop_tmo`

  Idle timeout (in sec). Tracing is stopped if there is no data for specified period of time. By default, -1 (disable this stop trigger).

Note

If `poll_period` is 0, OpenOCD telnet command line will not be available until tracing is stopped. You must stop it manually by resetting the board or pressing Ctrl+C in the OpenOCD window (not the one with the telnet session). Another option is to set `trace_size` and wait until this size of data is collected. At this point, tracing stops automatically.

Command usage examples:

1. Collect SystemView tracing data to files `pro-cpu.SVDat` and `app-cpu.SVDat`. The files will be saved in `openocd-esp32` directory.

       esp sysview start file://pro-cpu.SVDat file://app-cpu.SVDat

   The tracing data will be retrieved and saved in non-blocking mode. To stop this process, enter `esp sysview stop` command on OpenOCD telnet prompt, optionally pressing Ctrl+C in the OpenOCD window.

2. Retrieve tracing data and save them indefinitely.

       esp sysview start file://pro-cpu.SVDat file://app-cpu.SVDat 0 -1 -1

   OpenOCD telnet command line prompt will not be available until tracing is stopped. To stop tracing, press Ctrl+C in the OpenOCD window.

#### Multi-Core SystemView Tracing Command

For SystemView version 3.60 and later, which supports multi-core tracing, use the `esp sysview_mcore` command. This command is identical to `esp sysview` but uses the official SEGGER SystemView multi-core format. Tracing data from all cores are saved in the same file, which can be opened in SEGGER SystemView v3.60 or later.

Command usage example:

    esp sysview_mcore start file://heap_log_mcore.SVDat

For detailed command syntax and options, refer to the `esp sysview` command above, as `esp sysview_mcore` accepts the same parameters.

#### Data Visualization

After trace data are collected, users can use a special tool to visualize the results and inspect behavior of the program.

Good instructions on how to install, configure, and visualize data in Impulse from one core can be found here.

Note

ESP-IDF uses its own mapping for SystemView FreeRTOS events IDs, so users need to replace the original file mapping `$SYSVIEW_INSTALL_DIR/Description/SYSVIEW_FreeRTOS.txt` with `$IDF_PATH/tools/esp_app_trace/SYSVIEW_FreeRTOS.txt`. Also, contents of that ESP-IDF-specific file should be used when configuring SystemView serializer using the above link.

### Gcov (Source Code Coverage)

In ESP-IDF projects, code coverage analysis using gcov can be done with the help of espressif/esp_gcov managed component.

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