Inter-IC Sound (I2S)

Overview

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) is a serial, synchronous communication protocol that is usually used for transmitting audio data between two digital audio devices.

ESP32-S2 contains one I2S peripheral(s). These peripherals can be configured to input and output sample data via the I2S driver.

An I2S bus consists of the following lines:

Master clock line (operational)
Bit clock line
Channel select line
Serial data line

Each I2S controller has the following features that can be configured using the I2S driver:

Operation as system master or slave
Capable of acting as transmitter or receiver
DMA controller that allows for streaming sample data without requiring the CPU to copy each data sample

Each controller can operate in half-duplex communication mode. Thus, the two controllers can be combined to establish full-duplex communication.

The I2S peripherals also support LCD mode for communicating data over a parallel bus, as used by some LCD displays and camera modules. LCD mode has the following operational modes:

LCD master transmitting mode
Camera slave receiving mode
ADC/DAC mode

For more information, see ESP32-S2 Technical Reference Manual > I2S Controller (I2S) > LCD Mode [PDF].

备注

For high accuracy clock applications, use the APLL_CLK clock source, which has the frequency range of 16 ~ 128 MHz. You can enable the APLL_CLK clock source by setting i2s_config_t::use_apll to TRUE.

If i2s_config_t::use_apll = TRUE and i2s_config_t::fixed_mclk > 0, then the master clock output frequency for I2S will be equal to the value of i2s_config_t::fixed_mclk, which means that the mclk frequency is provided by the user, instead of being calculated by the driver.

The clock rate of the word select line, which is called audio left-right clock rate (LRCK) here, is always the divisor of the master clock output frequency and for which the following is always true: 0 < MCLK/LRCK/channels/bits_per_sample < 64.

Functional Overview

Installing the Driver

Install the I2S driver by calling the function :cpp:func`i2s_driver_install` and passing the following arguments:

Port number
The structure i2s_config_t with defined communication parameters
Event queue size and handle

Once :cpp:func`i2s_driver_install` returns ESP_OK, it means I2S has started.

Configuration example:

static const int i2s_num = 0; // i2s port number

i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX,
    .sample_rate = 44100,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 64,
    .use_apll = false,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1  // Interrupt level 1, default 0
};

i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);

Setting Communication Pins

Once the driver is installed, configure physical GPIO pins to which signals will be routed. For this, call the function :cpp:func`i2s_set_pin` and pass the following arguments to it:

Port number
The structure i2s_pin_config_t defining the GPIO pin numbers to which the driver should route the MCK, BCK, WS, DATA out, and DATA in signals. If you want to keep a currently allocated pin number for a specific signal, or if this signal is unused, then pass the macro I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE. See the example below.

备注

MCK only takes effect in I2S_MODE_MASTER mode.

static const i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .mck_io_num = 0,
    .bck_io_num = 4,
    .ws_io_num = 5,
    .data_out_num = 18,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
};

i2s_set_pin(i2s_num, &pin_config);

Running I2S Communication

To perform a transmission:

Prepare the data for sending
Call the function i2s_write() and pass the data buffer address and data length to it

The function will write the data to the DMA Tx buffer, and then the data will be transmitted automatically.

i2s_write(I2S_NUM, samples_data, ((bits+8)/16)*SAMPLE_PER_CYCLE*4, &i2s_bytes_write, 100);

To retrieve received data, use the function i2s_read(). It will retrieve the data from the DMA Rx buffer, once the data is received by the I2S controller.

i2s_read(I2S_NUM, data_recv, ((bits+8)/16)*SAMPLE_PER_CYCLE*4, &i2s_bytes_read, 100);

You can temporarily stop the I2S driver by calling the function i2s_stop(), which will disable the I2S Tx/Rx units until the function i2s_start() is called. If the function :cpp:func`i2s_driver_install` is used, the driver will start up automatically eliminating the need to call i2s_start().

Deleting the Driver

If the established communication is no longer required, the driver can be removed to free allocated resources by calling i2s_driver_uninstall().

Application Example

A code example for the I2S driver can be found in the directory peripherals/i2s.

In addition, there is a short configuration examples for the I2S driver.

I2S configuration

Example for general usage.

#include "driver/i2s.h"

static const int i2s_num = 0; // i2s port number

i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX,
    .sample_rate = 44100,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 64,
    .use_apll = false,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1  // Interrupt level 1, default 0
};

static const i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = 4,
    .ws_io_num = 5,
    .data_out_num = 18,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
};

i2s_driver_install(i2s_num, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);   //install and start i2s driver
i2s_set_pin(i2s_num, &pin_config);

...
/* You can reset parameters by calling 'i2s_set_clk'
 *
 * The low 16 bits are the valid data bits in one chan and the high 16 bits are
 * the total bits in one chan. If high 16 bits is smaller than low 16 bits, it will
 * be set to a same value as low 16 bits.
 */
uint32_t bits_cfg = (I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_32BIT << 16) | I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT;
i2s_set_clk(i2s_num, 22050, bits_cfg, I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO);
...

i2s_driver_uninstall(i2s_num); //stop & destroy i2s driver

Application Notes

How to Prevent Data Lost

For the applications that need a high frequency sample rate, sometimes the massive throughput of receiving data may cause data lost. Users can receive data lost event by registering an event queue handler to the driver during installation:

QueueHandle_t evt_que;
i2s_driver_install(i2s_num, &i2s_config, 10, &evt_que);

You will receive I2S_EVENT_RX_Q_OVF event when there are data lost.

Please follow these steps to prevent data lost:

Determine the interrupt interval. Generally, when data lost happened, the interval should be the bigger the better, it can help to reduce the interrupt times, i.e., dma_buf_len should be as big as possible while the DMA buffer size won’t exceed its maximum value 4092. The relationships are:
```
interrupt_interval(unit: sec) = dma_buf_len / sample_rate
dma_buffer_size = dma_buf_len * slot_num * data_bit_width / 8 <= 4092
```
Determine the dma_buf_count. The dma_buf_count is decided by the max time of i2s_read polling cycle, all the received data are supposed to be stored between two i2s_read. This cycle can be measured by a timer or an outputting gpio signal. The relationship is:
```
dma_buf_count > polling_cycle / interrupt_interval
```
Determine the receiving buffer size. The receiving buffer that offered by user in i2s_read should be able to take all the data in all dma buffers, that means it should be bigger than the total size of all the dma buffers:
```
recv_buffer_size > dma_buf_count * dma_buffer_size
```

For example, if there is an I2S application, and the known values are:

sample_rate = 144000 Hz
data_bit_width = 32 bits
slot_num = 2
polling_cycle = 10ms

Then the parameters dma_buf_len, dma_buf_count and recv_buf_size can be calculated according to the given known values:

dma_buf_len * slot_num * data_bit_width / 8 = dma_buffer_size <= 4092
dma_buf_len <= 511
interrupt_interval = dma_buf_len / sample_rate = 511 / 144000 = 0.003549 s = 3.549 ms
dma_buf_count > polling_cycle / interrupt_interval = cell(10 / 3.549) = cell(2.818) = 3
recv_buffer_size > dma_buf_count * dma_buffer_size = 3 * 4092 = 12276 bytes

To check whether there are data lost, you can offer an event queue handler to the driver during installation:

QueueHandle_t evt_que;
i2s_driver_install(i2s_num, &i2s_config, 10, &evt_que);

You will receive I2S_EVENT_RX_Q_OVF event when there are data lost.

API Reference

Header File

components/driver/include/driver/i2s.h

Functions

esp_err_t i2s_set_pin(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const i2s_pin_config_t *pin)

Set I2S pin number.

Inside the pin configuration structure, set I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE for any pin where the current configuration should not be changed.

备注

The I2S peripheral output signals can be connected to multiple GPIO pads. However, the I2S peripheral input signal can only be connected to one GPIO pad.

备注

if *pin is set as NULL, this function will initialize both of the built-in DAC channels by default. if you don’t want this to happen and you want to initialize only one of the DAC channels, you can call i2s_set_dac_mode instead.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
pin – I2S Pin structure, or NULL to set 2-channel 8-bit internal DAC pin configuration (GPIO25 & GPIO26)

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_FAIL IO error

esp_err_t i2s_driver_install(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const i2s_config_t *i2s_config, int queue_size, void *i2s_queue)

Install and start I2S driver.

This function must be called before any I2S driver read/write operations.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
i2s_config – I2S configurations - see i2s_config_t struct
queue_size – I2S event queue size/depth.
i2s_queue – I2S event queue handle, if set NULL, driver will not use an event queue.

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE Current I2S port is in use

esp_err_t i2s_driver_uninstall(i2s_port_t i2s_num)

Uninstall I2S driver.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE I2S port has been uninstalled by others (e.g. LCD i80)

esp_err_t i2s_write(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const void *src, size_t size, size_t *bytes_written, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)

Write data to I2S DMA transmit buffer.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
src – Source address to write from
size – Size of data in bytes
bytes_written – [out] Number of bytes written, if timeout, the result will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait – TX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without space becoming available in the DMA transmit buffer, then the function will return (note that if the data is written to the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_write_expand(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const void *src, size_t size, size_t src_bits, size_t aim_bits, size_t *bytes_written, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)

Write data to I2S DMA transmit buffer while expanding the number of bits per sample. For example, expanding 16-bit PCM to 32-bit PCM.

Format of the data in source buffer is determined by the I2S configuration (see i2s_config_t).

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
src – Source address to write from
size – Size of data in bytes
src_bits – Source audio bit
aim_bits – Bit wanted, no more than 32, and must be greater than src_bits
bytes_written – [out] Number of bytes written, if timeout, the result will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait – TX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without space becoming available in the DMA transmit buffer, then the function will return (note that if the data is written to the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_read(i2s_port_t i2s_num, void *dest, size_t size, size_t *bytes_read, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)

Read data from I2S DMA receive buffer.

备注

If the built-in ADC mode is enabled, we should call i2s_adc_enable and i2s_adc_disable around the whole reading process, to prevent the data getting corrupted.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
dest – Destination address to read into
size – Size of data in bytes
bytes_read – [out] Number of bytes read, if timeout, bytes read will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait – RX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without bytes becoming available in the DMA receive buffer, then the function will return (note that if data is read from the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_set_sample_rates(i2s_port_t i2s_num, uint32_t rate)

Set sample rate used for I2S RX and TX.

The bit clock rate is determined by the sample rate and i2s_config_t configuration parameters (number of channels, bits_per_sample).

bit_clock = rate * (number of channels) * bits_per_sample

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
rate – I2S sample rate (ex: 8000, 44100…)

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

esp_err_t i2s_stop(i2s_port_t i2s_num)

Stop I2S driver.

There is no need to call i2s_stop() before calling i2s_driver_uninstall().

Disables I2S TX/RX, until i2s_start() is called.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_start(i2s_port_t i2s_num)

Start I2S driver.

It is not necessary to call this function after i2s_driver_install() (it is started automatically), however it is necessary to call it after i2s_stop().

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_zero_dma_buffer(i2s_port_t i2s_num)

Zero the contents of the TX DMA buffer.

Pushes zero-byte samples into the TX DMA buffer, until it is full.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_set_clk(i2s_port_t i2s_num, uint32_t rate, uint32_t bits_cfg, i2s_channel_t ch)

Set clock & bit width used for I2S RX and TX.

Similar to i2s_set_sample_rates(), but also sets bit width.

stop i2s;
calculate mclk, bck, bck_factor
malloc dma buffer;
start i2s

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number
rate – I2S sample rate (ex: 8000, 44100…)
bits_cfg – I2S bits configuration the low 16 bits is for data bits per sample in one channel (see ‘i2s_bits_per_sample_t’) the high 16 bits is for total bits in one channel (see ‘i2s_bits_per_chan_t’) high 16bits =0 means same as the bits per sample.
ch – I2S channel, (I2S_CHANNEL_MONO, I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO or specific channel in TDM mode)

返回

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

float i2s_get_clk(i2s_port_t i2s_num)

get clock set on particular port number.

参数

i2s_num – I2S port number

返回

actual clock set by i2s driver

Structures

struct i2s_pin_config_t

I2S pin number for i2s_set_pin.

Public Members

int mck_io_num: MCK in out pin. Note that ESP32 supports setting MCK on GPIO0/GPIO1/GPIO3 only

int bck_io_num: BCK in out pin

int ws_io_num: WS in out pin

int data_out_num: DATA out pin

int data_in_num: DATA in pin

struct i2s_driver_config_t

I2S driver configuration parameters.

Public Members

i2s_mode_t mode: I2S work mode

uint32_t sample_rate: I2S sample rate

i2s_bits_per_sample_t bits_per_sample: I2S sample bits in one channel

i2s_channel_fmt_t channel_format: I2S channel format.

i2s_comm_format_t communication_format: I2S communication format

int intr_alloc_flags: Flags used to allocate the interrupt. One or multiple (ORred) ESP_INTR_FLAG_* values. See esp_intr_alloc.h for more info

int dma_buf_count: The total number of DMA buffers to receive/transmit data. A descriptor includes some information such as buffer address, the address of the next descriptor, and the buffer length. Since one descriptor points to one buffer, therefore, ‘dma_desc_num’ can be interpreted as the total number of DMA buffers used to store data from DMA interrupt. Notice that these buffers are internal to’i2s_read’ and descriptors are created automatically inside of the I2S driver. Users only need to set the buffer number while the length is derived from the parameter described below.

int dma_buf_len: Number of frames in a DMA buffer. A frame means the data of all channels in a WS cycle. The real_dma_buf_size = dma_buf_len * chan_num * bits_per_chan / 8. For example, if two channels in stereo mode (i.e., ‘channel_format’ is set to ‘I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT’) are active, and each channel transfers 32 bits (i.e., ‘bits_per_sample’ is set to ‘I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_32BIT’), then the total number of bytes of a frame is ‘channel_format’ * ‘bits_per_sample’ = 2 * 32 / 8 = 8 bytes. We assume that the current ‘dma_buf_len’ is 100, then the real length of the DMA buffer is 8 * 100 = 800 bytes. Note that the length of an internal real DMA buffer shouldn’t be greater than 4092.

bool use_apll: I2S using APLL as main I2S clock, enable it to get accurate clock

bool tx_desc_auto_clear: I2S auto clear tx descriptor if there is underflow condition (helps in avoiding noise in case of data unavailability)

int fixed_mclk: I2S using fixed MCLK output. If use_apll = true and fixed_mclk > 0, then the clock output for i2s is fixed and equal to the fixed_mclk value. If fixed_mclk set, mclk_multiple won’t take effect

i2s_mclk_multiple_t mclk_multiple: The multiple of I2S master clock(MCLK) to sample rate

i2s_bits_per_chan_t bits_per_chan: I2S total bits in one channel， only take effect when larger than ‘bits_per_sample’, default ‘0’ means equal to ‘bits_per_sample’

struct i2s_event_t

Event structure used in I2S event queue.

Public Members

i2s_event_type_t type: I2S event type

size_t size: I2S data size for I2S_DATA event

Macros

I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE: Use in i2s_pin_config_t for pins which should not be changed

Type Definitions

typedef i2s_driver_config_t i2s_config_t

typedef intr_handle_t i2s_isr_handle_t

Enumerations

enum i2s_port_t

I2S port number, the max port number is (I2S_NUM_MAX -1).

Values:

enumerator I2S_NUM_0: I2S port 0

enumerator I2S_NUM_MAX: I2S port max

enum i2s_event_type_t

I2S event queue types.

Values:

enumerator I2S_EVENT_DMA_ERROR

enumerator I2S_EVENT_TX_DONE: I2S DMA finish sent 1 buffer

enumerator I2S_EVENT_RX_DONE: I2S DMA finish received 1 buffer

enumerator I2S_EVENT_TX_Q_OVF: I2S DMA sent queue overflow

enumerator I2S_EVENT_RX_Q_OVF: I2S DMA receive queue overflow

enumerator I2S_EVENT_MAX: I2S event max index

Header File

components/hal/include/hal/i2s_types.h

Enumerations

enum i2s_bits_per_sample_t

I2S bit width per sample.

Values:

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_8BIT: data bit-width: 8

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT: data bit-width: 16

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_24BIT: data bit-width: 24

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT: data bit-width: 32

enum i2s_bits_per_chan_t

I2S bit width per chan.

Values:

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_DEFAULT: channel bit-width equals to data bit-width

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_8BIT: channel bit-width: 8

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_16BIT: channel bit-width: 16

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_24BIT: channel bit-width: 24

enumerator I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_32BIT: channel bit-width: 32

enum i2s_channel_t

I2S channel.

Values:

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_MONO: I2S channel (mono), one channel activated. In this mode, you only need to send one channel data but the fifo will copy same data for the other unactivated channels automatically, then both channels will transmit same data.

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO: I2S channel (stereo), two (or more) channels activated. In this mode, these channels will transmit different data.

enum i2s_comm_format_t

I2S communication standard format.

Values:

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S: I2S communication I2S Philips standard, data launch at second BCK

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MSB: I2S communication MSB alignment standard, data launch at first BCK

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT: PCM Short standard, also known as DSP mode. The period of synchronization signal (WS) is 1 bck cycle.

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_LONG: PCM Long standard. The period of synchronization signal (WS) is channel_bit*bck cycles.

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MAX: standard max

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S: I2S communication format I2S, correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB: I2S format MSB, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S |I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_LSB: I2S format LSB, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S |I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_LSB) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MSB

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM: I2S communication format PCM, correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_SHORT: PCM Short, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM | I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_SHORT) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT

enumerator I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_LONG: PCM Long, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM | I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_LONG) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_LONG

enum i2s_channel_fmt_t

I2S channel format type.

Values:

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT: Separated left and right channel

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ALL_RIGHT: Load right channel data in both two channels

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ALL_LEFT: Load left channel data in both two channels

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_RIGHT: Only load data in right channel (mono mode)

enumerator I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT: Only load data in left channel (mono mode)

enum i2s_mode_t

I2S Mode.

Values:

enumerator I2S_MODE_MASTER: Master mode

enumerator I2S_MODE_SLAVE: Slave mode

enumerator I2S_MODE_TX: TX mode

enumerator I2S_MODE_RX: RX mode

enumerator I2S_MODE_PDM: I2S PDM mode

enum i2s_clock_src_t

I2S source clock.

Values:

enumerator I2S_CLK_D2CLK: Clock from PLL_D2_CLK(160M)

enumerator I2S_CLK_APLL: Clock from APLL

enum i2s_mclk_multiple_t

The multiple of mclk to sample rate.

Values:

enumerator I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_DEFAULT: Default value. mclk = sample_rate * 256

enumerator I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_128: mclk = sample_rate * 128

enumerator I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_256: mclk = sample_rate * 256

enumerator I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_384: mclk = sample_rate * 384

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