FreeRTOS (Overview)

Overview

FreeRTOS is an open source real-time operating system kernel that acts as the operating system for ESP-IDF applications and is integrated into ESP-IDF as a component. The FreeRTOS component in ESP-IDF contains ports of the FreeRTOS kernel for all the CPU architectures used by ESP targets (i.e., Xtensa and RISC-V). Furthermore, ESP-IDF provides different implementations of FreeRTOS in order to support SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing) on multi-core ESP targets. This document provides an overview of the FreeRTOS component, the FreeRTOS implementations offered by ESP-IDF, and the common aspects across all implementations.

Implementations

The official FreeRTOS (henceforth referred to as Vanilla FreeRTOS) is a single-core RTOS. In order to support the various multi-core ESP targets, ESP-IDF supports different FreeRTOS implementations, namely ESP-IDF FreeRTOS and Amazon SMP FreeRTOS.

ESP-IDF FreeRTOS

ESP-IDF FreeRTOS is a FreeRTOS implementation based on Vanilla FreeRTOS v10.4.3, but contains significant modifications to support SMP. ESP-IDF FreeRTOS only supports two cores at most (i.e., dual core SMP), but is more optimized for this scenario by design. For more details regarding ESP-IDF FreeRTOS and its modifications, please refer to the FreeRTOS (ESP-IDF) document.

Note

ESP-IDF FreeRTOS is currently the default FreeRTOS implementation for ESP-IDF.

Amazon SMP FreeRTOS

Amazon SMP FreeRTOS is an SMP implementation of FreeRTOS that is officially supported by Amazon. Amazon SMP FreeRTOS is able to support N-cores (i.e., more than two cores). Amazon SMP FreeRTOS can be enabled via the CONFIG_FREERTOS_SMP option. For more details regarding Amazon SMP FreeRTOS, please refer to the official Amazon SMP FreeRTOS documentation.

Warning

The Amazon SMP FreeRTOS implementation (and its port in ESP-IDF) are currently in experimental/beta state. Therefore, significant behavioral changes and breaking API changes can occur.

Configuration

Kernel Configuration

Vanilla FreeRTOS requires that ports and applications configure the kernel by adding various #define config... macros to FreeRTOSConfig.h. Vanilla FreeRTOS supports a list of kernel configuration options which allow various kernel behaviors and features to be enabled or disabled.

However, for all FreeRTOS ports in ESP-IDF, the ``FreeRTOSConfig.h`` file is considered private and must not be modified by users. A large number of kernel configuration options in FreeRTOSConfig.h are hard coded as they are either required or not supported in ESP-IDF. All kernel configuration options that are configurable by the user will be exposed via menuconfig under Component Config/FreeRTOS/Kernel.

For the full list of user configurable kernel options, see Project Configuration. The list below highlights some commonly used kernel configuration options:

CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE will run FreeRTOS only on CPU0. Note that this is not equivalent to running Vanilla FreeRTOS. Furthermore, this option may affect behavior of components other than freertos. For more details regarding the effects of running FreeRTOS on a single core, refer to ESP-IDF FreeRTOS Single Core (if using ESP-IDF FreeRTOS) or the official Amazon SMP FreeRTOS documentation. Alternatively, users can also search for occurrences of CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE in the ESP-IDF components.

Note

As ESP32-H2 is a single core SoC, the CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE configuration is always set.

CONFIG_FREERTOS_ENABLE_BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY enables backward compatibility with some FreeRTOS macros/types/functions that were deprecated from v8.0 onwards.

Port Configuration

All other FreeRTOS related configuration options that are not part of the kernel configuration are exposed via menuconfig under Component Config/FreeRTOS/Port. These options configure aspects such as:

The FreeRTOS ports themselves (e.g., tick timer selection, ISR stack size)
Additional features added to the FreeRTOS implementation or ports

Using FreeRTOS

Application Entry Point

Unlike Vanilla FreeRTOS, users of FreeRTOS in ESP-IDF must never call vTaskStartScheduler() and vTaskEndScheduler(). Instead, ESP-IDF will start FreeRTOS automatically. Users must define a void app_main(void) function which acts as the entry point for user's application and is automatically called on ESP-IDF startup.

Typically, users would spawn the rest of their application's task from app_main.
The app_main function is allowed to return at any point (i.e., before the application terminates).
The app_main function is called from the main task.

Background Tasks

During startup, ESP-IDF and FreeRTOS will automatically create multiple tasks that run in the background (listed in the the table below).

List of Tasks Created During Startup
Task Name	Description	Stack Size	Affinity	Priority
Idle Tasks (`IDLEx`)	An idle task (`IDLEx`) is created for (and pinned to) each CPU core, where `x` is the CPU core's number. The `x` is dropped when single-core configuration is enabled.	CONFIG_FREERTOS_IDLE_TASK_STACKSIZE	CPUx	`0`
FreeRTOS Timer Task (`Tmr Svc`)	FreeRTOS will create the Timer Service/Daemon Task if any FreeRTOS Timer APIs are called by the application.	CONFIG_FREERTOS_TIMER_TASK_STACK_DEPTH	CPU0	CONFIG_FREERTOS_TIMER_TASK_PRIORITY
Main Task (`main`)	Task that simply calls `app_main`. This task will self delete when `app_main` returns	CONFIG_ESP_MAIN_TASK_STACK_SIZE	CONFIG_ESP_MAIN_TASK_AFFINITY	`1`
IPC Tasks (`ipcx`)	When CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE is false, an IPC task (`ipcx`) is created for (and pinned to) each CPU. IPC tasks are used to implement the Inter-processor Call (IPC) feature.	CONFIG_ESP_IPC_TASK_STACK_SIZE	CPUx	`24`
ESP Timer Task (`esp_timer`)	ESP-IDF will create the ESP Timer Task used to process ESP Timer callbacks.	CONFIG_ESP_TIMER_TASK_STACK_SIZE	CPU0	`22`

Note

Note that if an application uses other ESP-IDF features (e.g., WiFi or Bluetooth), those features may create their own background tasks in addition to the tasks listed in the table above.

FreeRTOS Additions

ESP-IDF provides some supplemental features to FreeRTOS such as Ring Buffers, ESP-IDF style Tick and Idle Hooks, and TLSP deletion callbacks. See FreeRTOS (Supplemental Features) for more details.

FreeRTOS Heap

Vanilla FreeRTOS provides its own selection of heap implementations. However, ESP-IDF already implements its own heap (see Heap Memory Allocation), thus ESP-IDF does not make use of the heap implementations provided by Vanilla FreeRTOS. All FreeRTOS ports in ESP-IDF map FreeRTOS memory allocation/free calls (e.g., pvPortMalloc() and pvPortFree()) to ESP-IDF heap API (i.e., heap_caps_malloc() and heap_caps_free()). However, the FreeRTOS ports ensure that all dynamic memory allocated by FreeRTOS is placed in internal memory.

Note

If users wish to place FreeRTOS tasks/objects in external memory, users can use the following methods:

Allocate the task/object using one of the ...CreateWithCaps() API such as xTaskCreateWithCaps() and xQueueCreateWithCaps() (see IDF Additional API for more details).
Manually allocate external memory for those objects using heap_caps_malloc(), then create the objects from the allocated memory using on of the ...CreateStatic() FreeRTOS functions.

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