Minimizing Binary Size
The ESP-IDF build system compiles all source files in the project and ESP-IDF, but only functions and variables that are actually referenced by the program are linked into the final binary. In some cases, it is necessary to reduce the total size of the firmware binary, e.g., in order to fit it into the available flash partition size.
The first step to reducing the total firmware binary size is measuring what is causing the size to increase.
Measuring Static Sizes
To optimize both the firmware binary size and the memory usage, it is necessary to measure statically-allocated RAM (data, bss), code (text), and read-only data (rodata) in your project.
Using the idf.py sub-commands size, size-components, and size-files provides a summary of memory used by the project:
Note
It is possible to add -DOUTPUT_FORMAT=csv or -DOUTPUT_FORMAT=json to get the output in CSV or JSON format.
Size Summary idf.py size
$ idf.py size
[...]
Total sizes:
Used static DRAM: 10608 bytes ( 170128 remain, 5.9% used)
.data size: 8464 bytes
.bss size: 2144 bytes
Used static IRAM: 48834 bytes ( 82238 remain, 37.3% used)
.text size: 47807 bytes
.vectors size: 1027 bytes
Used Flash size : 117391 bytes
.text: 80103 bytes
.rodata: 37032 bytes
Total image size: 174689 bytes (.bin may be padded larger)
This output breaks down the size of all static memory regions in the firmware binary:
$ idf.py size
[...]
Total sizes:
Used static DRAM: 10608 bytes ( 170128 remain, 5.9% used)
.data size: 8464 bytes
.bss size: 2144 bytes
Used static IRAM: 48834 bytes ( 82238 remain, 37.3% used)
.text size: 47807 bytes
.vectors size: 1027 bytes
Used Flash size : 117391 bytes
.text: 80103 bytes
.rodata: 37032 bytes
Total image size: 174689 bytes (.bin may be padded larger)
Used static DRAM: Total amount of DRAM allocated at compile time.remainindicates the amount of DRAM left to be used as heap memory at runtime. Note that due to meta data overhead, implementation constraints, and startup heap allocations, the actual size of the DRAM heap is smaller..data size: Amount of DRAM allocated at compile time for the.data(i.e., all statically allocated variables that are initialized to non-zero values)..dataalso consumes space in the binary image to store the non-zero initialization values..bss size: Amount of DRAM allocated at compile time for.bss(i.e., all statically allocated variables that are initialized to zero)..bssdoes not consume extra space in flash.
Used static IRAM: Total amount of IRAM allocated at compile time.remainindicates the amount of IRAM left to be used as heap memory at runtime. Note that due to meta data overhead, implementation constraints, and startup heap allocations, the actual size of the IRAM heap is smaller..text size: Amount of IRAM used for.text(i.e., all code that is executed from IRAM)..textalso consumes space in the binary image as the code is initially stored there and is then copied over to IRAM on startup.
Used Flash size: Total amount of flash used (excluding usage by DRAM and IRAM)Total image sizeis the estimated total size of the binary file.
Component Usage Summary idf.py size-components
The summary output provided by idf.py size does not give enough details to find the main contributor to excessive binary size. To analyze in detail, use idf.py size-components.
$ idf.py size-components
[...]
Total sizes:
DRAM .data size: 14956 bytes
DRAM .bss size: 15808 bytes
Used static DRAM: 30764 bytes ( 149972 available, 17.0% used)
Used static IRAM: 83918 bytes ( 47154 available, 64.0% used)
Flash code: 559943 bytes
Flash rodata: 176736 bytes
Total image size:~ 835553 bytes (.bin may be padded larger)
Per-archive contributions to ELF file:
Archive File DRAM .data & .bss & other IRAM D/IRAM Flash code & rodata Total
libnet80211.a 1267 6044 0 5490 0 107445 18484 138730
liblwip.a 21 3838 0 0 0 97465 16116 117440
libmbedtls.a 60 524 0 0 0 27655 69907 98146
libmbedcrypto.a 64 81 0 30 0 76645 11661 88481
libpp.a 2427 1292 0 20851 0 37208 4708 66486
libc.a 4 0 0 0 0 57056 6455 63515
libphy.a 1439 715 0 7798 0 33074 0 43026
libwpa_supplicant.a 12 848 0 0 0 35505 1446 37811
libfreertos.a 3104 740 0 15711 0 367 4228 24150
libnvs_flash.a 0 24 0 0 0 14347 2924 17295
libspi_flash.a 1562 294 0 8851 0 1840 1913 14460
libesp_system.a 245 206 0 3078 0 5990 3817 13336
libesp-tls.a 0 4 0 0 0 5637 3524 9165
[... removed some lines here ...]
libesp_rom.a 0 0 0 112 0 0 0 112
libcxx.a 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 47
(exe) 0 0 0 3 0 3 12 18
libesp_pm.a 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8
libesp_eth.a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
libmesh.a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The first lines of the output from idf.py size-components are the same as that from idf.py size. After this, a table is printed as Per-archive contributions to ELF file. This means how much each static library archive has contributed to the final binary size.
Generally, one static library archive is built per component, although some are binary libraries included by a particular component, for example, libnet80211.a is included by esp_wifi component. There are also toolchain libraries such as libc.a and libgcc.a listed here, these provide Standard C/C++ Library and toolchain built-in functionality.
If your project is simple and only has a main component, then all of the project's code will be shown under libmain.a. If your project includes its own components (see Build System), then they will each be shown on a separate line.
The table is sorted in descending order of the total contribution of the static archive to the binary size.
The columns are as follows:
DRAM .data & .bss & other-.dataand.bssare the same as for the totals shown above. Both are static variables and reduce the total available RAM at runtime, but.bssdoes not contribute to the binary file size.otheris a column for any custom section types that also contribute to RAM size. Usually, the value is 0.IRAM- is the same as for the totals shown above. It refers to code linked to execute from IRAM, which uses space in the binary file and also reduces IRAM that can be dynamically allocated at runtime usingHEAP_CAP_32BIT.D/IRAM- shows IRAM space which, due to occupying D/IRAM space, is also reducing available DRAM available as heap at runtime.Flash code & rodata- these are the same as the totals above, IROM and DROM space accessed from the flash cache that contribute to the binary size.
Source File Usage Summary idf.py size-files
For even more details, run idf.py size-files to get a summary of the contribution each object file has made to the final binary size. Each object file corresponds to a single source file.
$ idf.py size-files
[...]
Total sizes:
DRAM .data size: 14956 bytes
DRAM .bss size: 15808 bytes
Used static DRAM: 30764 bytes ( 149972 available, 17.0% used)
Used static IRAM: 83918 bytes ( 47154 available, 64.0% used)
Flash code: 559943 bytes
Flash rodata: 176736 bytes
Total image size:~ 835553 bytes (.bin may be padded larger)
Per-file contributions to ELF file:
Object File DRAM .data & .bss & other IRAM D/IRAM Flash code & rodata Total
x509_crt_bundle.S.o 0 0 0 0 0 0 64212 64212
wl_cnx.o 2 3183 0 221 0 13119 3286 19811
phy_chip_v7.o 721 614 0 1642 0 16820 0 19797
ieee80211_ioctl.o 740 96 0 437 0 15325 2627 19225
pp.o 1142 45 0 8871 0 5030 537 15625
ieee80211_output.o 2 20 0 2118 0 11617 914 14671
ieee80211_sta.o 1 41 0 1498 0 10858 2218 14616
lib_a-vfprintf.o 0 0 0 0 0 13829 752 14581
lib_a-svfprintf.o 0 0 0 0 0 13251 752 14003
ssl_tls.c.o 60 0 0 0 0 12769 463 13292
sockets.c.o 0 648 0 0 0 11096 1030 12774
nd6.c.o 8 932 0 0 0 11515 314 12769
phy_chip_v7_cal.o 477 53 0 3499 0 8561 0 12590
pm.o 32 364 0 2673 0 7788 782 11639
ieee80211_scan.o 18 288 0 0 0 8889 1921 11116
lib_a-svfiprintf.o 0 0 0 0 0 9654 1206 10860
lib_a-vfiprintf.o 0 0 0 0 0 10069 734 10803
ieee80211_ht.o 0 4 0 1186 0 8628 898 10716
phy_chip_v7_ana.o 241 48 0 2657 0 7677 0 10623
bignum.c.o 0 4 0 0 0 9652 752 10408
tcp_in.c.o 0 52 0 0 0 8750 1282 10084
trc.o 664 88 0 1726 0 6245 1108 9831
tasks.c.o 8 704 0 7594 0 0 1475 9781
ecp_curves.c.o 28 0 0 0 0 7384 2325 9737
ecp.c.o 0 64 0 0 0 8864 286 9214
ieee80211_hostap.o 1 41 0 0 0 8578 585 9205
wdev.o 121 125 0 4499 0 3684 580 9009
tcp_out.c.o 0 0 0 0 0 5686 2161 7847
tcp.c.o 2 26 0 0 0 6161 1617 7806
ieee80211_input.o 0 0 0 0 0 6797 973 7770
wpa.c.o 0 656 0 0 0 6828 55 7539
[... additional lines removed ...]
After the summary of total sizes, a table of Per-file contributions to ELF file is printed.
The columns are the same as shown above for idy.py size-components, but this time the granularity is the contribution of each individual object file to the binary size.
For example, we can see that the file x509_crt_bundle.S.o contributed 64,212 bytes to the total firmware size, all as .rodata in flash. Therefore we can guess that this application is using the ESP x509 Certificate Bundle feature and not using this feature would save at last this many bytes from the firmware size.
Some of the object files are linked from binary libraries and therefore you will not find a corresponding source file. To locate which component a source file belongs to, it is generally possible to search in the ESP-IDF source tree or look in the Linker Map File for the full path.
Comparing Two Binaries
If making some changes that affect binary size, it is possible to use an ESP-IDF tool to break down the exact differences in size.
This operation is not part of idf.py, it is necessary to run the esp_idf_size Python tool directly.
To do so, first, locate the linker map file with the name PROJECTNAME.map in the build directory. The esp_idf_size tool performs its analysis based on the output of the linker map file.
To compare with another binary, you also need its corresponding .map file saved from the build directory.
For example, to compare two builds, one of which with the default CONFIG_COMPILER_OPTIMIZATION setting Debug (-Og) configuration while another with Optimize for size (-Os):
$ python -m esp_idf_size --diff build_Og/https_request.map build_Os/https_request.map
<CURRENT> MAP file: build_Os/https_request.map
<REFERENCE> MAP file: build_Og/https_request.map
Difference is counted as <CURRENT> - <REFERENCE>, i.e. a positive number means that <CURRENT> is larger.
Total sizes of <CURRENT>: <REFERENCE> Difference
DRAM .data size: 14516 bytes 14956 -440
DRAM .bss size: 15792 bytes 15808 -16
Used static DRAM: 30308 bytes ( 150428 available, 16.8% used) 30764 -456 ( +456 available, +0 total)
Used static IRAM: 78498 bytes ( 52574 available, 59.9% used) 83918 -5420 ( +5420 available, +0 total)
Flash code: 509183 bytes 559943 -50760
Flash rodata: 170592 bytes 176736 -6144
Total image size:~ 772789 bytes (.bin may be padded larger) 835553 -62764
We can see from the Difference column that changing this one setting caused the whole binary to be over 60 KB smaller and over 5 KB more RAM is available.
It is also possible to use the diff mode to output a table of component-level (static library archive) differences:
Note
To get the output in JSON or CSV format using esp_idf_size, it is possible to use the --format option.
python -m esp_idf_size --archives --diff build_Og/https_request.map build_Oshttps_request.map
Also at the individual source file level:
python -m esp_idf_size --files --diff build_Og/https_request.map build_Oshttps_request.map
Other options, like writing the output to a file, are available, pass --help to see the full list.
Showing Size When Linker Fails
If too much static memory is allocated, the linker will fail with an error such as DRAM segment data does not fit, region `iram0_0_seg' overflowed by 44 bytes, or similar.
In these cases, idf.py size will not succeed either. However, it is possible to run esp_idf_size manually to view the partial static memory usage. The memory usage will miss the variables that could not be linked, so there still appears to be some free space.
The map file argument is <projectname>.map in the build directory.
python -m esp_idf_size build/project_name.map
It is also possible to view the equivalent of size-components or size-files output:
python -m esp_idf_size --archives build/project_name.map
python -m esp_idf_size --files build/project_name.map
Linker Map File
Note
This is an advanced analysis method, but it can be very useful. Feel free to skip ahead to Reducing Overall Size and possibly come back to this later.
The idf.py size analysis tools all work by parsing the GNU binutils linker map file, which is a summary of everything the linker did when it created (i.e., linked) the final firmware binary file.
Linker map files themselves are plain text files, so it is possible to read them and find out exactly what the linker did. However, they are also very complex and long, often exceeding 100,000 lines.
The map file itself is broken into parts and each part has a heading. The parts are:
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)This shows you: for each object file included in the link, what symbol (function or variable) was the linker searching for when it included that object file.
If you are wondering why some object file in particular was included in the binary, this part may give a clue. This part can be used in conjunction with the
Cross Reference Tableat the end of the file.
Note
Not every object file shown in this list ends up included in the final binary, some end up in the
Discarded input sectionslist instead.Allocating common symbolsThis is a list of some global variables along with their sizes. Common symbols have a particular meaning in ELF binary files, but ESP-IDF does not make much use of them.
Discarded input sectionsThese sections were read by the linker as part of an object file to be linked into the final binary, but then nothing else referred to them, so they were discarded from the final binary.
For ESP-IDF, this list can be very long, as we compile each function and static variable to a unique section in order to minimize the final binary size. Specifically, ESP-IDF uses compiler options
-ffunction-sections -fdata-sectionsand linker option--gc-sections.Items mentioned in this list do not contribute to the final binary.
Memory Configuration,Linker script and memory mapThese two parts go together. Some of the output comes directly from the linker command line and the Linker Script, both provided by Build System. The linker script is partially generated from the ESP-IDF project using the Linker Script Generation feature.
As the output of the
Linker script and memory mappart of the map unfolds, you can see each symbol (function or static variable) linked into the final binary along with its address (as a 16 digit hex number), its length (also in hex), and the library and object file it was linked from (which can be used to determine the component and the source file).Following all of the output sections that take up space in the final
.binfile, thememory mapalso includes some sections in the ELF file that are only used for debugging, e.g., ELF sections.debug_*, etc. These do not contribute to the final binary size. You can notice the address of these symbols is a very small number, starting from0x0000000000000000and counting up.
Cross Reference TableThis table shows the symbol (function or static variable) that the list of object file(s) refers to. If you are wondering why a particular thing is included in the binary, this will help determine what included it.
Note
Unfortunately, the
Cross Reference Tabledoes not only include symbols that made it into the final binary. It also includes symbols in discarded sections. Therefore, just because something is shown here does not mean that it was included in the final binary - this needs to be checked separately.
Note
Linker map files are generated by the GNU binutils linker ld, not ESP-IDF. You can find additional information online about the linker map file format. This quick summary is written from the perspective of ESP-IDF build system in particular.
Reducing Overall Size
The following configuration options reduces the final binary size of almost any ESP-IDF project:
Set CONFIG_COMPILER_OPTIMIZATION to
Optimize for size (-Os). In some cases,Optimize for performance (-O2)will also reduce the binary size compared to the default. Note that if your code contains C or C++ Undefined Behavior then increasing the compiler optimization level may expose bugs that otherwise do not happen.Reduce the compiled-in log output by lowering the app CONFIG_LOG_DEFAULT_LEVEL. If the CONFIG_LOG_MAXIMUM_LEVEL is changed from the default then this setting controls the binary size instead. Reducing compiled-in logging reduces the number of strings in the binary, and also the code size of the calls to logging functions.
Set the CONFIG_COMPILER_OPTIMIZATION_ASSERTION_LEVEL to
Silent. This avoids compiling in a dedicated assertion string and source file name for each assert that may fail. It is still possible to find the failed assert in the code by looking at the memory address where the assertion failed.Besides the CONFIG_COMPILER_OPTIMIZATION_ASSERTION_LEVEL, you can disable or silent the assertion for the HAL component separately by setting CONFIG_HAL_DEFAULT_ASSERTION_LEVEL. It is to notice that ESP-IDF lowers the HAL assertion level in bootloader to be silent even if CONFIG_HAL_DEFAULT_ASSERTION_LEVEL is set to full-assertion level. This is to reduce the bootloader size.
Setting CONFIG_COMPILER_OPTIMIZATION_CHECKS_SILENT removes specific error messages for particular internal ESP-IDF error check macros. This may make it harder to debug some error conditions by reading the log output.
If the binary needs to run on only certain revision(s) of ESP32, increasing CONFIG_ESP32_REV_MIN to match can result in a reduced binary size. This will make a large difference if setting ESP32 minimum revision 3, and PSRAM is enabled.
Do not enable CONFIG_COMPILER_CXX_EXCEPTIONS, CONFIG_COMPILER_CXX_RTTI, or set the CONFIG_COMPILER_STACK_CHECK_MODE to Overall. All of these options are already disabled by default, but they have a large impact on binary size.
Disabling CONFIG_ESP_ERR_TO_NAME_LOOKUP removes the lookup table to translate user-friendly names for error values (see Error Handling) in error logs, etc. This saves some binary size, but error values will be printed as integers only.
Setting CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC to
Silent rebootsaves a small amount of binary size, however this is only recommended if no one will use UART output to debug the device.If the application binary uses only one of the security versions of the protocomm component, then the support for others can be disabled to save some code size. The support can be disabled through CONFIG_ESP_PROTOCOMM_SUPPORT_SECURITY_VERSION_0, CONFIG_ESP_PROTOCOMM_SUPPORT_SECURITY_VERSION_1 or CONFIG_ESP_PROTOCOMM_SUPPORT_SECURITY_VERSION_2 respectively.
Note
In addition to the many configuration items shown here, there are a number of configuration options where changing the option from the default increases binary size. These are not noted here. Where the increase is significant is usually noted in the configuration item help text.
Targeted Optimizations
The following binary size optimizations apply to a particular component or a function:
Wi-Fi
Disabling CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_ENABLE_WPA3_SAE will save some Wi-Fi binary size if WPA3 support is not needed. Note that WPA3 is mandatory for new Wi-Fi device certifications.
Disabling CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_SOFTAP_SUPPORT will save some Wi-Fi binary size if soft-AP support is not needed.
Disabling CONFIG_ESP_WIFI_ENTERPRISE_SUPPORT will save some Wi-Fi binary size if enterprise support is not needed.
ADC
Disabling ADC calibration features CONFIG_ADC_CAL_EFUSE_TP_ENABLE, CONFIG_ADC_CAL_EFUSE_VREF_ENABLE, CONFIG_ADC_CAL_LUT_ENABLE will save a small amount of binary size if ADC driver is used, at expense of accuracy.
Bluetooth NimBLE
If using NimBLE-based Host APIs then the following modifications can reduce binary size:
Set CONFIG_BTDM_CTRL_BLE_MAX_CONN to 1 if only one Bluetooth LE connection is needed.
Set CONFIG_BT_NIMBLE_MAX_CONNECTIONS to 1 if only one Bluetooth LE connection is needed.
Disable either CONFIG_BT_NIMBLE_ROLE_CENTRAL or CONFIG_BT_NIMBLE_ROLE_OBSERVER if these roles are not needed.
Reducing CONFIG_BT_NIMBLE_LOG_LEVEL can reduce binary size. Note that if the overall log level has been reduced as described above in Reducing Overall Size then this also reduces the NimBLE log level.
lwIP IPv6
Setting CONFIG_LWIP_IPV6 to
falsewill reduce the size of the lwIP TCP/IP stack, at the cost of only supporting IPv4.Note
IPv6 is required by some components such as
coapand ASIO Port. These components will not be available if IPV6 is disabled.
lwIP IPv4
If IPv4 connectivity is not required, setting CONFIG_LWIP_IPV4 to
falsewill reduce the size of the lwIP, supporting IPv6-only TCP/IP stack.Note
Before disabling IPv4 support, please note that IPv6 only network environments are not ubiquitous and must be supported in the local network, e.g., by your internet service provider or using constrained local network settings.
Newlib Nano Formatting
By default, ESP-IDF uses Newlib "full" formatting for I/O functions (printf(), scanf(), etc.)
Enabling the config option CONFIG_NEWLIB_NANO_FORMAT will switch Newlib to the "Nano" formatting mode. This is smaller in code size, and a large part of the implementation is compiled into the ESP32 ROM, so it does not need to be included in the binary at all.
The exact difference in binary size depends on which features the firmware uses, but 25 KB ~ 50 KB is typical.
Enabling "Nano" formatting reduces the stack usage of each function that calls printf() or another string formatting function, see Reducing Stack Sizes.
"Nano" formatting does not support 64-bit integers, or C99 formatting features. For a full list of restrictions, search for --enable-newlib-nano-formatted-io in the Newlib README file.
MbedTLS Features
Under Component Config > mbedTLS, there are multiple mbedTLS features enabled default, some of which can be disabled if not needed to save code size.
These include:
CONFIG_MBEDTLS_ECP_C (Alternatively: Leave this option enabled but disable some of the elliptic curves listed in the sub-menu.)
Change CONFIG_MBEDTLS_TLS_MODE if both server & client functionalities are not needed
Consider disabling some cipher suites listed in the
TLS Key Exchange Methodssub-menu (i.e., CONFIG_MBEDTLS_KEY_EXCHANGE_RSA)
The help text for each option has some more information for reference.
Important
It is strongly not recommended to disable all these mbedTLS options. Only disable options of which you understand the functionality and are certain that it is not needed in the application. In particular:
Ensure that any TLS server(s) the device connects to can still be used. If the server is controlled by a third party or a cloud service, it is recommended to ensure that the firmware supports at least two of the supported cipher suites in case one is disabled in a future update.
Ensure that any TLS client(s) that connect to the device can still connect with supported/recommended cipher suites. Note that future versions of client operating systems may remove support for some features, so it is recommended to enable multiple supported cipher suites, or algorithms for redundancy.
If depending on third party clients or servers, always pay attention to announcements about future changes to supported TLS features. If not, the ESP32 device may become inaccessible if support changes.
Note
Not every combination of mbedTLS compile-time config is tested in ESP-IDF. If you find a combination that fails to compile or function as expected, please report the details on GitHub.
VFS
Virtual Filesystem Component feature in ESP-IDF allows multiple filesystem drivers and file-like peripheral drivers to be accessed using standard I/O functions (open, read, write, etc.) and C library functions (fopen, fread, fwrite, etc.). When filesystem or file-like peripheral driver functionality is not used in the application, this feature can be fully or partially disabled. VFS component provides the following configuration options:
CONFIG_VFS_SUPPORT_TERMIOS — can be disabled if the application does not use
termiosfamily of functions. Currently, these functions are implemented only for UART VFS driver. Most applications can disable this option. Disabling this option reduces the code size by about 1.8 KB.CONFIG_VFS_SUPPORT_SELECT — can be disabled if the application does not use the
selectfunction with file descriptors. Currently, only the UART and eventfd VFS drivers implementselectsupport. Note that when this option is disabled,selectcan still be used for socket file descriptors. Disabling this option reduces the code size by about 2.7 KB.CONFIG_VFS_SUPPORT_DIR — can be disabled if the application does not use directory-related functions, such as
readdir(see the description of this option for the complete list). Applications that only open, read and write specific files and do not need to enumerate or create directories can disable this option, reducing the code size by 0.5 KB or more, depending on the filesystem drivers in use.CONFIG_VFS_SUPPORT_IO — can be disabled if the application does not use filesystems or file-like peripheral drivers. This disables all VFS functionality, including the three options mentioned above. When this option is disabled, Console can not be used. Note that the application can still use standard I/O functions with socket file descriptors when this option is disabled. Compared to the default configuration, disabling this option reduces code size by about 9.4 KB.
Bootloader Size
This document deals with the size of an ESP-IDF app binary only, and not the ESP-IDF Second Stage Bootloader.
For a discussion of ESP-IDF bootloader binary size, see Bootloader Size.
IRAM Binary Size
If the IRAM section of a binary is too large, this issue can be resolved by reducing IRAM memory usage. See Optimizing IRAM Usage.