Wi-Fi Driver

ESP32 Wi-Fi Feature List

Support 4 virtual WiFi interfaces, which are STA, AP, Sniffer and reserved.
Support station-only mode, AP-only mode, station/AP-coexistence mode
Support IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and APIs to configure the protocol mode
Support WPA/WPA2/WPA3/WPA2-Enterprise and WPS
Support AMPDU, HT40, QoS and other key features
Support Modem-sleep
Support the Espressif-specific ESP-NOW protocol and Long Range mode, which supports up to 1 km of data traffic
Up to 20 MBit/s TCP throughput and 30 MBit/s UDP throughput over the air
Support Sniffer
Support both fast scan and all-channel scan
Support multiple antennas
Support channel state information

How To Write a Wi-Fi Application

Preparation

Generally, the most effective way to begin your own Wi-Fi application is to select an example which is similar to your own application, and port the useful part into your project. It is not a MUST but it is strongly recommended that you take some time to read this article first, especially if you want to program a robust Wi-Fi application. This article is supplementary to the Wi-Fi APIs/Examples. It describes the principles of using the Wi-Fi APIs, the limitations of the current Wi-Fi API implementation, and the most common pitfalls in using Wi-Fi. This article also reveals some design details of the Wi-Fi driver. We recommend you to select an example .

Event-Handling

Generally, it is easy to write code in “sunny-day” scenarios, such as WIFI_EVENT_STA_START, WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED etc. The hard part is to write routines in “rainy-day” scenarios, such as WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED etc. Good handling of “rainy-day” scenarios is fundamental to robust Wi-Fi applications. Refer to ESP32 Wi-Fi Event Description, ESP32 Wi-Fi Station General Scenario, ESP32 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario. See also an overview of event handling in ESP-IDF.

Write Error-Recovery Routines Correctly at All Times

Just like the handling of “rainy-day” scenarios, a good error-recovery routine is also fundamental to robust Wi-Fi applications. Refer to ESP32 Wi-Fi API Error Code.

ESP32 Wi-Fi API Error Code

All of the ESP32 Wi-Fi APIs have well-defined return values, namely, the error code. The error code can be categorized into:

No errors, e.g. ESP_OK means that the API returns successfully.

Recoverable errors, such as ESP_ERR_NO_MEM, etc.

Non-recoverable, non-critical errors.

Non-recoverable, critical errors.

Whether the error is critical or not depends on the API and the application scenario, and it is defined by the API user.

The primary principle to write a robust application with Wi-Fi API is to always check the error code and write the error-handling code. Generally, the error-handling code can be used:

For recoverable errors, in which case you can write a recoverable-error code. For example, when esp_wifi_start() returns ESP_ERR_NO_MEM, the recoverable-error code vTaskDelay can be called in order to get a microseconds’ delay for another try.

For non-recoverable, yet non-critical errors, in which case printing the error code is a good method for error handling.

For non-recoverable and also critical errors, in which case “assert” may be a good method for error handling. For example, if esp_wifi_set_mode() returns ESP_ERR_WIFI_NOT_INIT, it means that the Wi-Fi driver is not initialized by esp_wifi_init() successfully. You can detect this kind of error very quickly in the application development phase.

In esp_err.h, ESP_ERROR_CHECK checks the return values. It is a rather commonplace error-handling code and can be used as the default error-handling code in the application development phase. However, we strongly recommend that API users write their own error-handling code.

ESP32 Wi-Fi API Parameter Initialization

When initializing struct parameters for the API, one of two approaches should be followed:

explicitly set all fields of the parameter
use get API to get current configuration first, then set application specific fields

Initializing or getting the entire structure is very important because most of the time the value 0 indicates the default value is used. More fields may be added to the struct in the future and initializing these to zero ensures the application will still work correctly after IDF is updated to a new release.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Programming Model

The ESP32 Wi-Fi programming model is depicted as follows:

Wi-Fi Programming Model

The Wi-Fi driver can be considered a black box that knows nothing about high-layer code, such as the TCP/IP stack, application task, and event task. The application task (code) generally calls Wi-Fi driver APIs to initialize Wi-Fi and handles Wi-Fi events when necessary. Wi-Fi driver receives API calls, handles them, and posts events to the application.

Wi-Fi event handling is based on the esp_event library. Events are sent by the Wi-Fi driver to the default event loop. Application may handle these events in callbacks registered using esp_event_handler_register(). Wi-Fi events are also handled by esp_netif component to provide a set of default behaviors. For example, when Wi-Fi station connects to an AP, esp_netif will automatically start the DHCP client by default.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Event Description

WIFI_EVENT_WIFI_READY

The Wi-Fi driver will never generate this event, which, as a result, can be ignored by the application event callback. This event may be removed in future releases.

WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE

The scan-done event is triggered by esp_wifi_scan_start() and will arise in the following scenarios:

The scan is completed, e.g., the target AP is found successfully, or all channels have been scanned.

The scan is stopped by esp_wifi_scan_stop().

The esp_wifi_scan_start() is called before the scan is completed. A new scan will override the current scan and a scan-done event will be generated.

The scan-done event will not arise in the following scenarios:

It is a blocked scan.

The scan is caused by esp_wifi_connect().

Upon receiving this event, the event task does nothing. The application event callback needs to call esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_num() and esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() to fetch the scanned AP list and trigger the Wi-Fi driver to free the internal memory which is allocated during the scan (do not forget to do this!). Refer to ESP32 Wi-Fi Scan for a more detailed description.

WIFI_EVENT_STA_START

If esp_wifi_start() returns ESP_OK and the current Wi-Fi mode is Station or AP+Station, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will initialize the LwIP network interface (netif). Generally, the application event callback needs to call esp_wifi_connect() to connect to the configured AP.

WIFI_EVENT_STA_STOP

If esp_wifi_stop() returns ESP_OK and the current Wi-Fi mode is Station or AP+Station, then this event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will release the station’s IP address, stop the DHCP client, remove TCP/UDP-related connections and clear the LwIP station netif, etc. The application event callback generally does not need to do anything.

WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED

If esp_wifi_connect() returns ESP_OK and the station successfully connects to the target AP, the connection event will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task starts the DHCP client and begins the DHCP process of getting the IP address. Then, the Wi-Fi driver is ready for sending and receiving data. This moment is good for beginning the application work, provided that the application does not depend on LwIP, namely the IP address. However, if the application is LwIP-based, then you need to wait until the got ip event comes in.

WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED

This event can be generated in the following scenarios:

When esp_wifi_disconnect(), or esp_wifi_stop(), or esp_wifi_deinit() is called and the station is already connected to the AP.

When esp_wifi_connect() is called, but the Wi-Fi driver fails to set up a connection with the AP due to certain reasons, e.g. the scan fails to find the target AP, authentication times out, etc. If there are more than one AP with the same SSID, the disconnected event is raised after the station fails to connect all of the found APs.

When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted because of specific reasons, e.g., the station continuously loses N beacons, the AP kicks off the station, the AP’s authentication mode is changed, etc.

Upon receiving this event, the default behavior of the event task is:

Shuts down the station’s LwIP netif.
Notifies the LwIP task to clear the UDP/TCP connections which cause the wrong status to all sockets. For socket-based applications, the application callback can choose to close all sockets and re-create them, if necessary, upon receiving this event.

The most common event handle code for this event in application is to call esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect the Wi-Fi. However, if the event is raised because esp_wifi_disconnect() is called, the application should not call esp_wifi_connect() to reconnect. It’s application’s responsibility to distinguish whether the event is caused by esp_wifi_disconnect() or other reasons. Sometimes a better reconnect strategy is required, refer to Wi-Fi Reconnect and Scan When Wi-Fi Is Connecting.

Another thing deserves our attention is that the default behavior of LwIP is to abort all TCP socket connections on receiving the disconnect. Most of time it is not a problem. However, for some special application, this may not be what they want, consider following scenarios:

The application creates a TCP connection to maintain the application-level keep-alive data that is sent out every 60 seconds.
Due to certain reasons, the Wi-Fi connection is cut off, and the WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED is raised. According to the current implementation, all TCP connections will be removed and the keep-alive socket will be in a wrong status. However, since the application designer believes that the network layer should NOT care about this error at the Wi-Fi layer, the application does not close the socket.
Five seconds later, the Wi-Fi connection is restored because esp_wifi_connect() is called in the application event callback function. Moreover, the station connects to the same AP and gets the same IPV4 address as before.
Sixty seconds later, when the application sends out data with the keep-alive socket, the socket returns an error and the application closes the socket and re-creates it when necessary.

In above scenarios, ideally, the application sockets and the network layer should not be affected, since the Wi-Fi connection only fails temporarily and recovers very quickly. The application can enable “Keep TCP connections when IP changed” via LwIP menuconfig.

IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP

This event arises when the DHCP client successfully gets the IPV4 address from the DHCP server, or when the IPV4 address is changed. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks (e.g., creating sockets).

The IPV4 may be changed because of the following reasons:

The DHCP client fails to renew/rebind the IPV4 address, and the station’s IPV4 is reset to 0.

The DHCP client rebinds to a different address.

The static-configured IPV4 address is changed.

Whether the IPV4 address is changed or NOT is indicated by field ip_change of ip_event_got_ip_t.

The socket is based on the IPV4 address, which means that, if the IPV4 changes, all sockets relating to this IPV4 will become abnormal. Upon receiving this event, the application needs to close all sockets and recreate the application when the IPV4 changes to a valid one.

IP_EVENT_GOT_IP6

This event arises when the IPV6 SLAAC support auto-configures an address for the ESP32, or when this address changes. The event means that everything is ready and the application can begin its tasks (e.g., creating sockets).

IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP

This event arises when the IPV4 address become invalid.

IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP doesn’t arise immediately after the Wi-Fi disconnects, instead it starts an IPV4 address lost timer, if the IPV4 address is got before ip lost timer expires, IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP doesn’t happen. Otherwise, the event arises when IPV4 address lost timer expires.

Generally the application don’t need to care about this event, it is just a debug event to let the application know that the IPV4 address is lost.

WIFI_EVENT_AP_START

Similar to WIFI_EVENT_STA_START.

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STOP

Similar to WIFI_EVENT_STA_STOP.

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED

Every time a station is connected to ESP32 AP, the WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED will arise. Upon receiving this event, the event task will do nothing, and the application callback can also ignore it. However, you may want to do something, for example, to get the info of the connected STA, etc.

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STADISCONNECTED

This event can happen in the following scenarios:

The application calls esp_wifi_disconnect(), or esp_wifi_deauth_sta(), to manually disconnect the station.

The Wi-Fi driver kicks off the station, e.g., because the AP has not received any packets in the past five minutes. The time can be modified by esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().

The station kicks off the AP.

When this event happens, the event task will do nothing, but the application event callback needs to do something, e.g., close the socket which is related to this station, etc.

WIFI_EVENT_AP_PROBEREQRECVED

This event is disabled by default. The application can enable it via API esp_wifi_set_event_mask(). When this event is enabled, it will be raised each time the AP receives a probe request.

WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT

If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT will arise. The application can set inactive time via API esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station General Scenario

Below is a “big scenario” which describes some small scenarios in Station mode:

Sample Wi-Fi Event Scenarios in Station Mode

1. Wi-Fi/LwIP Init Phase

s1.1: The main task calls esp_netif_init() to create an LwIP core task and initialize LwIP-related work.

s1.2: The main task calls esp_event_loop_create() to create a system Event task and initialize an application event’s callback function. In the scenario above, the application event’s callback function does nothing but relaying the event to the application task.

s1.3: The main task calls esp_netif_create_default_wifi_ap() or esp_netif_create_default_wifi_sta() to create default network interface instance binding station or AP with TCP/IP stack.

s1.4: The main task calls esp_wifi_init() to create the Wi-Fi driver task and initialize the Wi-Fi driver.

s1.5: The main task calls OS API to create the application task.

Step 1.1 ~ 1.5 is a recommended sequence that initializes a Wi-Fi-/LwIP-based application. However, it is NOT a must-follow sequence, which means that you can create the application task in step 1.1 and put all other initializations in the application task. Moreover, you may not want to create the application task in the initialization phase if the application task depends on the sockets. Rather, you can defer the task creation until the IP is obtained.

2. Wi-Fi Configuration Phase

Once the Wi-Fi driver is initialized, you can start configuring the Wi-Fi driver. In this scenario, the mode is Station, so you may need to call esp_wifi_set_mode() (WIFI_MODE_STA) to configure the Wi-Fi mode as Station. You can call other esp_wifi_set_xxx APIs to configure more settings, such as the protocol mode, country code, bandwidth, etc. Refer to ESP32 Wi-Fi Configuration.

Generally, the Wi-Fi driver should be configured before the Wi-Fi connection is set up. But this is NOT mandatory, which means that you can configure the Wi-Fi connection anytime, provided that the Wi-Fi driver is initialized successfully. However, if the configuration does not need to change after the Wi-Fi connection is set up, you should configure the Wi-Fi driver at this stage, because the configuration APIs (such as esp_wifi_set_protocol()) will cause the Wi-Fi to reconnect, which may not be desirable.

If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled by menuconfig, all Wi-Fi configuration in this phase, or later phases, will be stored into flash. When the board powers on/reboots, you do not need to configure the Wi-Fi driver from scratch. You only need to call esp_wifi_get_xxx APIs to fetch the configuration stored in flash previously. You can also configure the Wi-Fi driver if the previous configuration is not what you want.

3. Wi-Fi Start Phase

s3.1: Call esp_wifi_start() to start the Wi-Fi driver.

s3.2: The Wi-Fi driver posts WIFI_EVENT_STA_START to the event task; then, the event task will do some common things and will call the application event callback function.

s3.3: The application event callback function relays the WIFI_EVENT_STA_START to the application task. We recommend that you call esp_wifi_connect(). However, you can also call esp_wifi_connect() in other phrases after the WIFI_EVENT_STA_START arises.

4. Wi-Fi Connect Phase

s4.1: Once esp_wifi_connect() is called, the Wi-Fi driver will start the internal scan/connection process.

s4.2: If the internal scan/connection process is successful, the WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED will be generated. In the event task, it starts the DHCP client, which will finally trigger the DHCP process.

s4.3: In the above-mentioned scenario, the application event callback will relay the event to the application task. Generally, the application needs to do nothing, and you can do whatever you want, e.g., print a log, etc.

In step 4.2, the Wi-Fi connection may fail because, for example, the password is wrong, the AP is not found, etc. In a case like this, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason for such a failure will be provided. For handling events that disrupt Wi-Fi connection, please refer to phase 6.

5. Wi-Fi ‘Got IP’ Phase

s5.1: Once the DHCP client is initialized in step 4.2, the got IP phase will begin.

s5.2: If the IP address is successfully received from the DHCP server, then IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP will arise and the event task will perform common handling.

s5.3: In the application event callback, IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is relayed to the application task. For LwIP-based applications, this event is very special and means that everything is ready for the application to begin its tasks, e.g. creating the TCP/UDP socket, etc. A very common mistake is to initialize the socket before IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP is received. DO NOT start the socket-related work before the IP is received.

6. Wi-Fi Disconnect Phase

s6.1: When the Wi-Fi connection is disrupted, e.g. because the AP is powered off, the RSSI is poor, etc., WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise. This event may also arise in phase 3. Here, the event task will notify the LwIP task to clear/remove all UDP/TCP connections. Then, all application sockets will be in a wrong status. In other words, no socket can work properly when this event happens.

s6.2: In the scenario described above, the application event callback function relays WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED to the application task. We recommend that esp_wifi_connect() be called to reconnect the Wi-Fi, close all sockets and re-create them if necessary. Refer to WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

7. Wi-Fi IP Change Phase

s7.1: If the IP address is changed, the IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP will arise with “ip_change” set to true.

s7.2: This event is important to the application. When it occurs, the timing is good for closing all created sockets and recreating them.

8. Wi-Fi Deinit Phase

s8.1: Call esp_wifi_disconnect() to disconnect the Wi-Fi connectivity.

s8.2: Call esp_wifi_stop() to stop the Wi-Fi driver.

s8.3: Call esp_wifi_deinit() to unload the Wi-Fi driver.

ESP32 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario

Below is a “big scenario” which describes some small scenarios in AP mode:

Sample Wi-Fi Event Scenarios in AP Mode

ESP32 Wi-Fi Scan

Currently, the esp_wifi_scan_start() API is supported only in Station or Station+AP mode.

Scan Type

Mode	Description
Active Scan	Scan by sending a probe request. The default scan is an active scan.
Passive Scan	No probe request is sent out. Just switch to the specific channel and wait for a beacon. Application can enable it via the scan_type field of wifi_scan_config_t.
Foreground Scan	This scan is applicable when there is no Wi-Fi connection in Station mode. Foreground or background scanning is controlled by the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
Background Scan	This scan is applicable when there is a Wi-Fi connection in Station mode or in Station+AP mode. Whether it is a foreground scan or background scan depends on the Wi-Fi driver and cannot be configured by the application.
All-Channel Scan	It scans all of the channels. If the channel field of wifi_scan_config_t is set to 0, it is an all-channel scan.
Specific Channel Scan	It scans specific channels only. If the channel field of wifi_scan_config_t set to 1, it is a specific-channel scan.

The scan modes in above table can be combined arbitrarily, so we totally have 8 different scans:

All-Channel Background Active Scan

All-Channel Background Passive Scan

All-Channel Foreground Active Scan

All-Channel Foreground Passive Scan

Specific-Channel Background Active Scan

Specific-Channel Background Passive Scan

Specific-Channel Foreground Active Scan

Specific-Channel Foreground Passive Scan

Scan Configuration

The scan type and other per-scan attributes are configured by esp_wifi_scan_start(). The table below provides a detailed description of wifi_scan_config_t.

Field	Description
ssid	If the SSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same SSID that can be scanned.
bssid	If the BSSID is not NULL, it is only the AP with the same BSSID that can be scanned.
channel	If “channel” is 0, there will be an all-channel scan; otherwise, there will be a specific-channel scan.
show_hidden	If “show_hidden” is 0, the scan ignores the AP with a hidden SSID; otherwise, the scan considers the hidden AP a normal one.
scan_type	If “scan_type” is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, the scan is “active”; otherwise, it is a “passive” one.
scan_time	This field is used to control how long the scan dwells on each channel. For passive scans, scan_time.passive designates the dwell time for each channel. For active scans, dwell times for each channel are listed in the table below. Here, min is short for scan time.active.min and max is short for scan_time.active.max. min=0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms. min>0, max=0: scan dwells on each channel for 120 ms. min=0, max>0: scan dwells on each channel for `max` ms. min>0, max>0: the minimum time the scan dwells on each channel is `min` ms. If no AP is found during this time frame, the scan switches to the next channel. Otherwise, the scan dwells on the channel for `max` ms. If you want to improve the performance of the the scan, you can try to modify these two parameters.

There are also some global scan attributes which are configured by API esp_wifi_set_config(), refer to Station Basic Configuration

Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground)

Scenario:

Foreground Scan of all Wi-Fi Channels

The scenario above describes an all-channel, foreground scan. The foreground scan can only occur in Station mode where the station does not connect to any AP. Whether it is a foreground or background scan is totally determined by the Wi-Fi driver, and cannot be configured by the application.

Detailed scenario description:

Scan Configuration Phase

s1.1: Call esp_wifi_set_country() to set the country info if the default country info is not what you want, refer to Wi-Fi Country Code.

s1.2: Call esp_wifi_scan_start() to configure the scan. To do so, you can refer to Scan Configuration. Since this is an all-channel scan, just set the SSID/BSSID/channel to 0.

Wi-Fi Driver’s Internal Scan Phase

s2.1: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 1, in case the scan type is WIFI_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE, and broadcasts a probe request. Otherwise, the Wi-Fi will wait for a beacon from the APs. The Wi-Fi driver will stay in channel 1 for some time. The dwell time is configured in min/max time, with default value being 120 ms.

s2.2: The Wi-Fi driver switches to channel 2 and performs the same operation as in step 2.1.

s2.3: The Wi-Fi driver scans the last channel N, where N is determined by the country code which is configured in step 1.1.

Scan-Done Event Handling Phase

s3.1: When all channels are scanned, WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE will arise.

s3.2: The application’s event callback function notifies the application task that WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE is received. esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_num() is called to get the number of APs that have been found in this scan. Then, it allocates enough entries and calls esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() to get the AP records. Please note that the AP records in the Wi-Fi driver will be freed, once esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() is called. Do not call esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() twice for a single scan-done event. If esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records() is not called when the scan-done event occurs, the AP records allocated by the Wi-Fi driver will not be freed. So, make sure you call esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records(), yet only once.

Scan All APs on All Channels (Background)

Scenario:

Background Scan of all Wi-Fi Channels

The scenario above is an all-channel background scan. Compared to Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground) , the difference in the all-channel background scan is that the Wi-Fi driver will scan the back-to-home channel for 30 ms before it switches to the next channel to give the Wi-Fi connection a chance to transmit/receive data.

Scan for Specific AP on All Channels

Scenario:

Scan of specific Wi-Fi Channels

This scan is similar to Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground). The differences are:

s1.1: In step 1.2, the target AP will be configured to SSID/BSSID.

s2.1~s2.N: Each time the Wi-Fi driver scans an AP, it will check whether it is a target AP or not. If the scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN scan and the target AP is found, then the scan-done event will arise and scanning will end; otherwise, the scan will continue. Please note that the first scanned channel may not be channel 1, because the Wi-Fi driver optimizes the scanning sequence.

If there are multiple APs which match the target AP info, for example, if we happen to scan two APs whose SSID is “ap”. If the scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN, then only the first scanned “ap” will be found, if the scan is WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN, both “ap” will be found and the station will connect the “ap” according to the configured strategy, refer to Station Basic Configuration.

You can scan a specific AP, or all of them, in any given channel. These two scenarios are very similar.

Scan in Wi-Fi Connect

When esp_wifi_connect() is called, the Wi-Fi driver will try to scan the configured AP first. The scan in “Wi-Fi Connect” is the same as Scan for Specific AP On All Channels, except that no scan-done event will be generated when the scan is completed. If the target AP is found, the Wi-Fi driver will start the Wi-Fi connection; otherwise, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will be generated. Refer to Scan for Specific AP On All Channels.

Scan In Blocked Mode

If the block parameter of esp_wifi_scan_start() is true, then the scan is a blocked one, and the application task will be blocked until the scan is done. The blocked scan is similar to an unblocked one, except that no scan-done event will arise when the blocked scan is completed.

Parallel Scan

Two application tasks may call esp_wifi_scan_start() at the same time, or the same application task calls esp_wifi_scan_start() before it gets a scan-done event. Both scenarios can happen. However, the Wi-Fi driver does not support multiple concurrent scans adequately. As a result, concurrent scans should be avoided. Support for concurrent scan will be enhanced in future releases, as the ESP32’s Wi-Fi functionality improves continuously.

Scan When Wi-Fi is Connecting

The esp_wifi_scan_start() fails immediately if the Wi-Fi is in connecting process because the connecting has higher priority than the scan. If scan fails because of connecting, the recommended strategy is to delay sometime and retry scan again, the scan will succeed once the connecting is completed.

However, the retry/delay strategy may not work all the time. Considering following scenario:

The station is connecting a non-existed AP or if the station connects the existed AP with a wrong password, it always raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.
The application call esp_wifi_connect() to do reconnection on receiving the disconnect event.
Another application task, e.g. the console task, call esp_wifi_scan_start() to do scan, the scan always fails immediately because the station is keeping connecting.
When scan fails, the application simply delay sometime and retry the scan.

In above scenario the scan will never succeed because the connecting is in process. So if the application supports similar scenario, it needs to implement a better reconnect strategy. E.g.

The application can choose to define a maximum continuous reconnect counter, stop reconnect once the reconnect reaches the max counter.
The application can choose to do reconnect immediately in the first N continous reconnect, then give a delay sometime and reconnect again.

The application can define its own reconnect strategy to avoid the scan starve to death. Refer to <Wi-Fi Reconnect>.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting Scenario

This scenario only depicts the case when there is only one target AP are found in scan phase, for the scenario that more than one AP with the same SSID are found, refer to ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting When Multiple APs Are Found.

Generally, the application does not need to care about the connecting process. Below is a brief introduction to the process for those who are really interested.

Scenario:

Wi-Fi Station Connecting Process

Scan Phase

s1.1, The Wi-Fi driver begins scanning in “Wi-Fi Connect”. Refer to Scan in Wi-Fi Connect for more details.

s1.2, If the scan fails to find the target AP, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason-code will be WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

Auth Phase

s2.1, The authentication request packet is sent and the auth timer is enabled.

s2.2, If the authentication response packet is not received before the authentication timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason-code will be WIFI_REASON_AUTH_EXPIRE. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

s2.3, The auth-response packet is received and the auth-timer is stopped.

s2.4, The AP rejects authentication in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason-code is WIFI_REASON_AUTH_FAIL or the reasons specified by the AP. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

Association Phase

s3.1, The association request is sent and the association timer is enabled.

s3.2, If the association response is not received before the association timer times out, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason-code will be WIFI_REASON_ASSOC_EXPIRE. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

s3.3, The association response is received and the association timer is stopped.

s3.4, The AP rejects the association in the response and WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED arises, while the reason-code is the one specified in the association response. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

Four-way Handshake Phase

s4.1, The handshake timer is enabled, the 1/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason-code will be WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

s4.2, The 1/4 EAPOL is received.

s4.3, The STA replies 2/4 EAPOL.

s4.4, If the 3/4 EAPOL is not received before the handshake timer expires, WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED will arise and the reason-code will be WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT. Refer to Wi-Fi Reason Code.

s4.5, The 3/4 EAPOL is received.

s4.6, The STA replies 4/4 EAPOL.

s4.7, The STA raises WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED.

Wi-Fi Reason Code

The table below shows the reason-code defined in ESP32. The first column is the macro name defined in esp_wifi_types.h. The common prefix WIFI_REASON is removed, which means that UNSPECIFIED actually stands for WIFI_REASON_UNSPECIFIED and so on. The second column is the value of the reason. The third column is the standard value to which this reason is mapped in section 8.4.1.7 of IEEE 802.11-2012. (For more information, refer to the standard mentioned above.) The last column is a description of the reason.

Reason code	Value	Mapped To	Description
UNSPECIFIED	1	1	Generally, it means an internal failure, e.g., the memory runs out, the internal TX fails, or the reason is received from the remote side, etc.
AUTH_EXPIRE	2	2	The previous authentication is no longer valid. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: auth is timed out. the reason is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP has not received any packets from the station in the past five minutes. the AP is stopped by calling `esp_wifi_stop()`. the station is de-authed by calling `esp_wifi_deauth_sta()`.
AUTH_LEAVE	3	3	De-authenticated, because the sending STA is leaving (or has left). For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
ASSOC_EXPIRE	4	4	Disassociated due to inactivity. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP has not received any packets from the station in the past five minutes. the AP is stopped by calling `esp_wifi_stop()` the station is de-authed by calling `esp_wifi_deauth_sta()`
ASSOC_TOOMANY	5	5	Disassociated, because the AP is unable to handle all currently associated STAs at the same time. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the stations associated with the AP reach the maximum number that the AP can support.
NOT_AUTHED	6	6	Class-2 frame received from a non-authenticated STA. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives a packet with data from a non-authenticated station.
NOT_ASSOCED	7	7	Class-3 frame received from a non-associated STA. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives a packet with data from a non-associated station.
ASSOC_LEAVE	8	8	Disassociated, because the sending STA is leaving (or has left) BSS. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. the station is disconnected by `esp_wifi_disconnect()` and other APIs.
ASSOC_NOT_AUTHED	9	9	STA requesting (re)association is not authenticated by the responding STA. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP receives packets with data from an associated, yet not authenticated, station.
DISASSOC_PWRCAP_BAD	10	10	Disassociated, because the information in the Power Capability element is unacceptable. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
DISASSOC_SUPCHAN_BAD	11	11	Disassociated, because the information in the Supported Channels element is unacceptable. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
IE_INVALID	13	13	Invalid element, i.e. an element whose content does not meet the specifications of the Standard in frame formats clause. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: the AP parses a wrong WPA or RSN IE.
MIC_FAILURE	14	14	Message integrity code (MIC) failure. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT	15	15	Four-way handshake times out. For legacy reasons, in ESP this reason-code is replaced with WIFI_REASON_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: the handshake times out. it is received from the AP.
GROUP_KEY_UPDATE_TIMEOUT	16	16	Group-Key Handshake times out. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
IE_IN_4WAY_DIFFERS	17	17	The element in the four-way handshake is different from the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame. For the ESP station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. the station finds that the four-way handshake IE differs from the IE in the (Re-)Association Request/Probe and Response/Beacon frame.
GROUP_CIPHER_INVALID	18	18	Invalid group cipher. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
PAIRWISE_CIPHER_INVALID	19	19	Invalid pairwise cipher. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
AKMP_INVALID	20	20	Invalid AKMP. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
UNSUPP_RSN_IE_VERSION	21	21	Unsupported RSNE version. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
INVALID_RSN_IE_CAP	22	22	Invalid RSNE capabilities. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
802_1X_AUTH_FAILED	23	23	IEEE 802.1X. authentication failed. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP. For the ESP AP, this reason is reported when: 802.1 x authentication fails.
CIPHER_SUITE_REJECTED	24	24	Cipher suite rejected due to security policies. For the ESP Station, this reason is reported when: it is received from the AP.
BEACON_TIMEOUT	200	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: when the station loses N beacons continuously, it will disrupt the connection and report this reason.
NO_AP_FOUND	201	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: when the station fails to scan the target AP, this reason code will be reported.
AUTH_FAIL	202	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: the authentication fails, but not because of a timeout.
ASSOC_FAIL	203	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: the association fails, but not because of ASSOC_EXPIRE or ASSOC_TOOMANY.
HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT	204	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: the handshake fails for the same reason as that in WIFI_REASON_4WAY_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT.
CONNECTION_FAIL	205	reserved	Espressif-specific Wi-Fi reason-code: the connection to the AP has failed.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting When Multiple APs Are Found

This scenario is similar as ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting Scenario, the difference is the station will not raise the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED unless it fails to connect all of the found APs.

Wi-Fi Reconnect

The station may disconnect due to many reasons, e.g. the connected AP is restarted etc. It’s the application’s responsibility to do the reconnect. The recommended reconnect strategy is to call esp_wifi_connect() on receiving event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED.

Sometimes the application needs more complex reconnect strategy:

If the disconnect event is raised because the esp_wifi_disconnect() is called, the application may not want to do reconnect.
If the esp_wifi_scan_start() may be called at anytime, a better reconnect strategy is necessary, refer to Scan When Wi-Fi is Connecting.

Another thing we need to consider is the reconnect may not connect the same AP if there are more than one APs with the same SSID. The reconnect always select current best APs to connect.

Wi-Fi Beacon Timeout

The beacon timeout mechanism is used by ESP32 station to detect whether the AP is alive or not. If the station does not receive the beacon of the connected AP within the inactive time, the beacon timeout happens. The application can set inactive time via API esp_wifi_set_inactive_time().

After the beacon timeout happens, the station sends 5 probe requests to AP, it disconnects the AP and raises the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED if still no probe response or beacon is received from AP.

It should be considered that the timer used for beacon timeout will be reset during the scanning process. It means that the scan process will affect the triggering of the event WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Configuration

All configurations will be stored into flash when the Wi-Fi NVS is enabled; otherwise, refer to Wi-Fi NVS Flash.

Wi-Fi Mode

Call esp_wifi_set_mode() to set the Wi-Fi mode.

Mode	Description
WIFI_MODE_NULL	NULL mode: in this mode, the internal data struct is not allocated to the station and the AP, while both the station and AP interfaces are not initialized for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Generally, this mode is used for Sniffer, or when you only want to stop both the STA and the AP without calling `esp_wifi_deinit()` to unload the whole Wi-Fi driver.
WIFI_MODE_STA	Station mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will init the internal station data, while the station’s interface is ready for the RX and TX Wi-Fi data. After `esp_wifi_connect()` is called, the STA will connect to the target target AP.
WIFI_MODE_AP	AP mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will init the internal AP data, while the AP’s interface is ready for RX/TX Wi-Fi data. Then, the Wi-Fi driver starts broad- casting beacons, and the AP is ready to get connected to other stations.
WIFI_MODE_APSTA	Station-AP coexistence mode: in this mode, `esp_wifi_start()` will simultaneously init both the station and the AP.This is done in station mode and AP mode. Please note that the channel of the external AP, which the ESP Station is connected to, has higher priority over the ESP AP channel.

Station Basic Configuration

API esp_wifi_set_config() can be used to configure the station. The table below describes the fields in detail.

Field	Description
ssid	This is the SSID of the target AP, to which the station wants to connect to.
password	Password of the target AP.
scan_method	For WIFI_FAST_SCAN scan, the scan ends when the first matched AP is found, for WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN, the scan finds all matched APs on all channels. The default scan is WIFI_FAST_SCAN.
bssid_set	If bssid_set is 0, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the field “ssid”, while the field “bssid” is ignored. In all other cases, the station connects to the AP whose SSID is the same as the “ssid” field, while its BSSID is the same the “bssid” field .
bssid	This is valid only when bssid_set is 1; see field “bssid_set”.
channel	If the channel is 0, the station scans the channel 1 ~ N to search for the target AP; otherwise, the station starts by scanning the channel whose value is the same as that of the “channel” field, and then scans others to find the target AP. If you do not know which channel the target AP is running on, set it to 0.
sort_method	This field is only for WIFI_ALL_CHANNEL_SCAN If the sort_method is WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SIGNAL, all matched APs are sorted by signal, for AP with best signal will be connected firstly. E.g. if the station want to connect AP whose ssid is “apxx”, the scan finds two AP whose ssid equals to “apxx”, the first AP’s signal is -90 dBm, the second AP’s signal is -30 dBm, the station connects the second AP firstly, it doesn’t connect the first one unless it fails to connect the second one. If the sort_method is WIFI_CONNECT_AP_BY_SECURITY, all matched APs are sorted by security. E.g. if the station wants to connect AP whose ssid is “apxx”, the scan finds two AP whose ssid is “apxx”, the security of the first found AP is open while the second one is WPA2, the stations connects to the second AP firstly, it doesn’t connect the second one unless it fails to connect the first one.
threshold	The threshold is used to filter the found AP, if the RSSI or security mode is less than the configured threshold, the AP will be discard. If the RSSI set to 0, it means default threshold, the default RSSI threshold is -127 dBm. If the authmode threshold is set to 0, it means default threshold, the default authmode threshold is open.

Attention

WEP/WPA security modes are deprecated in IEEE 802.11-2016 specifications and are recommended not to be used. These modes can be rejected using authmode threshold by setting threshold as WPA2 by threshold.authmode as WIFI_AUTH_WPA2_PSK.

AP Basic Configuration

API esp_wifi_set_config() can be used to configure the AP. The table below describes the fields in detail.

Field	Description
ssid	SSID of AP; if the ssid[0] is 0xFF and ssid[1] is 0xFF, the AP defaults the SSID to ESP_aabbcc, where “aabbcc” is the last three bytes of the AP MAC.
password	Password of AP; if the auth mode is WIFI_AUTH_OPEN, this field will be ignored.
ssid_len	Length of SSID; if ssid_len is 0, check the SSID until there is a termination character. If ssid_len > 32, change it to 32; otherwise, set the SSID length according to ssid_len.
channel	Channel of AP; if the channel is out of range, the Wi-Fi driver defaults the channel to channel 1. So, please make sure the channel is within the required range. For more details, refer to Wi-Fi Country Code.
authmode	Auth mode of ESP AP; currently, ESP Wi-Fi does not support AUTH_WEP. If the authmode is an invalid value, AP defaults the value to WIFI_AUTH_OPEN.
ssid_hidden	If ssid_hidden is 1, AP does not broadcast the SSID; otherwise, it does broadcast the SSID.
max_connection	Currently, ESP Wi-Fi supports up to 10 Wi-Fi connections. If max_connection > 10, AP defaults the value to 10.
beacon_interval	Beacon interval; the value is 100 ~ 60000 ms, with default value being 100 ms. If the value is out of range, AP defaults it to 100 ms.

Wi-Fi Protocol Mode

Currently, the ESP-IDF supports the following protocol modes:

Protocol Mode	Description
802.11b	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B) to set the station/AP to 802.11b-only mode.
802.11bg	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G) to set the station/AP to 802.11bg mode.
802.11g	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G) and esp_wifi_config_11b_rate(ifx, true) to set the station/AP to 802.11g mode.
802.11bgn	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B\| WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N) to set the station/ AP to BGN mode.
802.11gn	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N) and esp_wifi_config_11b_rate(ifx, true) to set the station/AP to 802.11gn mode.
802.11 BGNLR	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_11B\| WIFI_PROTOCOL_11G\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_11N\|WIFI_PROTOCOL_LR) to set the station/AP to BGN and the LR mode.
802.11 LR	Call esp_wifi_set_protocol(ifx, WIFI_PROTOCOL_LR) to set the station/AP only to the LR mode. This mode is an Espressif-patented mode which can achieve a one-kilometer line of sight range. Please make sure both the station and the AP are connected to an ESP device.

Long Range (LR)

Long Range (LR) mode is an Espressif-patented Wi-Fi mode which can achieve a one-kilometer line of sight range. It has better reception sensitivity, stronger anti-interference ability and longer transmission distance than the traditional 802.11B mode.

LR Compatibility

Since LR is Espressif unique Wi-Fi mode, only ESP32 devices can transmit and receive the LR data. In other words, the ESP32 device should NOT transmit the data in LR data rate if the connected device doesn’t support LR. The application can achieve this by configuring suitable Wi-Fi mode. If the negotiated mode supports LR, the ESP32 may transmit data in LR rate, otherwise, ESP32 will transmit all data in traditional Wi-Fi data rate.

Following table depicts the Wi-Fi mode negotiation:

APSTA	BGN	BG	B	BGNLR	BGLR	BLR	LR
BGN	BGN	BG	B	BGN	BG	B
BG	BG	BG	B	BG	BG	B
B	B	B	B	B	B	B
BGNLR				BGNLR	BGLR	BLR	LR
BGLR				BGLR	BGLR	BLR	LR
BLR				BLR	BLR	BLR	LR
LR				LR	LR	LR	LR

In above table, the row is the Wi-Fi mode of AP and the column is the Wi-Fi mode of station. The “-” indicates Wi-Fi mode of the AP and station are not compatible.

According to the table, we can conclude that:

For LR enabled in ESP32 AP, it’s incompatible with traditional 802.11 mode because the beacon is sent in LR mode.

For LR enabled in ESP32 station and the mode is NOT LR only mode, it’s compatible with traditional 802.11 mode.

If both station and AP are ESP32 devices and both of them enable LR mode, the negotiated mode supports LR.

If the negotiated Wi-Fi mode supports both traditional 802.11 mode and LR mode, it’s the Wi-Fi driver’s responsibility to automatically select the best data rate in different Wi-Fi mode and the application don’t need to care about it.

LR Impacts to Traditional Wi-Fi device

The data transmission in LR rate has no impacts on the traditional Wi-Fi device because:

The CCA and backoff process in LR mode are consistent with 802.11 specification.

The traditional Wi-Fi device can detect the LR signal via CCA and do backoff.

In other words, the impact transmission in LR mode is similar as the impact in 802.11B mode.

LR Transmission Distance

The reception sensitivity of LR has about 4 dB gain than the traditional 802.11B mode, theoretically the transmission distance is about 2 to 2.5 times the distance of 11B.

LR Throughput

The LR rate has very limited throughput, because the raw PHY data rates is 1/2 Mbps and 1/4 Mbps.

When to Use LR

The general conditions for using LR are:

Both the AP and station are devices.

Long distance Wi-Fi connection and data transmission is required.

Data throughput requirements are very small, such as remote device control, etc.

Wi-Fi Country Code

Call esp_wifi_set_country() to set the country info. The table below describes the fields in detail, please consult local 2.4 GHz RF operating regulations before configuring these fields.

Field	Description
cc[3]	Country code string, this attributes identify the country or noncountry entity in which the station/AP is operating. If it’s a country, the first two octets of this string is the two character country info as described in document ISO/IEC3166-1. The third octect is one of the following: an ASCII space character, if the regulations under which the station/AP is operating encompass all environments for the current frequency band in the country. an ASCII ‘O’ character if the regulations under which the station/AP is operating are for an outdoor environment only. an ASCII ‘I’ character if the regulations under which the station/AP is operating are for an indoor environment only. an ASCII ‘X’ character if the station/AP is operating under a noncountry entity. The first two octets of the noncountry entity is two ASCII ‘XX’ characters. the binary representation of the Operating Class table number currently in use. Refer to Annex E, IEEE Std 802.11-2012.
schan	Start channel, it’s the minimum channel number of the regulations under which the station/AP can operate.
nchan	Total number of channels as per the regulations, e.g. if the schan=1, nchan=13, it means the station/AP can send data from channel 1 to 13.
policy	Country policy, this field control which country info will be used if the configured country info is conflict with the connected AP’s. More description about policy is provided in following section.

The default country info is {.cc=”CN”, .schan=1, .nchan=13, policy=WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO}, if the Wi-Fi Mode is station/AP coexist mode, they share the same configured country info. Sometimes, the country info of AP, to which the station is connected, is different from the country info of configured. For example, the configured station has country info {.cc=”JP”, .schan=1, .nchan=14, policy=WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO}, but the connected AP has country info {.cc=”CN”, .schan=1, .nchan=13}, then country info of connected AP’s is used. Following table depicts which country info is used in different Wi-Fi Mode and different country policy, also describe the impact to active scan.

WiFi Mode	Policy	Description
Station	WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO	If the connected AP has country IE in its beacon, the country info equals to the country info in beacon, otherwise, use default country info. For scan: -If schan+nchan-1 >11 : Use active scan from schan to 11 and use passive scan from 12 to schan+nchan-1. -If schan+nchan-1 <= 11 : Use active scan from schan to schan+nchan-1. Always keep in mind that if an AP with hidden SSID is set to a passive scan channel, the passive scan will not find it. In other words, if the application hopes to find the AP with hidden SSID in every channel, the policy of country info should be configured to WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL.
Station	WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL	Always use the configured country info. For scan, scans channel “schan” to “schan+nchan-1” with active scan.
AP	WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO	Always use the configured country info.
AP	WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_MANUAL	Always use the configured country info.
Station/AP- coexistence	WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO	If the station doesn’t connects to any AP, the AP use the configured country info. If the station connects to an AP, the AP has the same country info as the station. Same as station mode with policy WIFI_COUNTRY_POLICY_AUTO.

Home Channel

In AP mode, the home channel is defined as the AP channel. In Station mode, home channel is defined as the channel of AP which the station is connected to. In Station/AP-coexistence mode, the home channel of AP and station must be the same, if they are different, the station’s home channel is always in priority. Take the following as an example: the AP is on channel 6, and the station connects to an AP whose channel is 9. Since the station’s home channel has higher priority, the AP needs to switch its channel from 6 to make sure that it has the same home channel as the station. While switching channel, the ESP32 in SoftAP mode will notify the connected stations about the channel migration using a Channel Switch Announcement (CSA). Station that supports channel switching will transit without disconnecting and reconnecting to the SoftAP.

Wi-Fi Vendor IE Configuration

By default, all Wi-Fi management frames are processed by the Wi-Fi driver, and the application does not need to care about them. Some applications, however, may have to handle the beacon, probe request, probe response and other management frames. For example, if you insert some vendor-specific IE into the management frames, it is only the management frames which contain this vendor-specific IE that will be processed. In ESP32, esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie() and esp_wifi_set_vendor_ie_cb() are responsible for this kind of tasks.

Wi-Fi Easy Connect™ (DPP)

Wi-Fi Easy Connect^TM (or Device Provisioning Protocol) is a secure and standardized provisioning protocol for configuration of Wi-Fi Devices. More information can be found on the API reference page esp_dpp.

WPA2-Enterprise

WPA2-Enterprise is the secure authentication mechanism for enterprise wireless networks. It uses RADIUS server for authentication of network users before connecting to the Access Point. The authentication process is based on 802.1X policy and comes with different Extended Authentication Protocol (EAP) methods like TLS, TTLS, PEAP etc. RADIUS server authenticates the users based on their credentials (username and password), digital certificates or both. When ESP32 in Station mode tries to connect to an AP in enterprise mode, it sends authentication request to AP which is sent to RADIUS server by AP for authenticating the Station. Based on different EAP methods, the parameters can be set in configuration which can be opened using idf.py menuconfig. WPA2_Enterprise is supported by ESP32 only in Station mode.

For establishing a secure connection, AP and Station negotiate and agree on the best possible cipher suite to be used. ESP32 supports 802.1X/EAP (WPA) method of AKM and Advanced encryption standard with Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication protocol (AES-CCM) cipher suite. It also supports the cipher suites supported by mbedtls if USE_MBEDTLS_CRYPTO flag is set.

ESP32 currently supports the following EAP methods:

EAP-TLS: This is certificate based method and only requires SSID and EAP-IDF.
PEAP: This is Protected EAP method. Username and Password are mandatory.
EAP-TTLS: This is credentials based method. Only server authentication is mandatory while user authentication is optional. Username and Password are mandatory. It supports different Phase2 methods like,
- PAP: Password Authentication Protocol.
- CHAP: Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.
- MSCHAP and MSCHAP-V2.

Detailed information on creating certificates and how to run wpa2_enterprise example on ESP32 can be found in wifi/wifi_enterprise.

Wireless Network Management

Wireless Network Management allows client devices to exchange information about the network topology, including information related to RF environment. This makes each client network-aware, facilitating overall improvement in the performace of the wireless network. It is part of 802.11v specification. It also enables client to support Network assisted Roaming. - Network assisted Roaming: Enables WLAN to send messages to associated clients, resulting clients to associate with APs with better link metrics. This is useful for both load balancing and in directing poorly connected clients.

Current implementation of 802.11v includes support for BSS transition management frames.

Radio Resource Measurement

Radio Resource Measurement (802.11k) is intended to improve the way traffic is distributed within a network. In a wireless LAN, each device normally connects to the access point (AP) that provides the strongest signal. Depending on the number and geographic locations of the subscribers, this arrangement can sometimes lead to excessive demand on one AP and underutilization of others, resulting in degradation of overall network performance. In a network conforming to 802.11k, if the AP having the strongest signal is loaded to its full capacity, a wireless device can be moved to one of the underutilized APs. Even though the signal may be weaker, the overall throughput is greater because more efficient use is made of the network resources.

Current implementation of 802.11k includes support for beacon measurement report, link measurement report and neighbor request.

Refer IDF example examples/wifi/roaming/README.md to set up and use these APIs. Example code only demonstrates how these APIs can be used, the application should define its own algorithm and cases as required.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Power-saving Mode

Station Sleep

Currently, ESP32 Wi-Fi supports the Modem-sleep mode which refers to the legacy power-saving mode in the IEEE 802.11 protocol. Modem-sleep mode works in Station-only mode and the station must connect to the AP first. If the Modem-sleep mode is enabled, station will switch between active and sleep state periodically. In sleep state, RF, PHY and BB are turned off in order to reduce power consumption. Station can keep connection with AP in modem-sleep mode.

Modem-sleep mode includes minimum and maximum power save modes. In minimum power save mode, station wakes up every DTIM to receive beacon. Broadcast data will not be lost because it is transmitted after DTIM. However, it can not save much more power if DTIM is short for DTIM is determined by AP.

In maximum power-saving mode, station wakes up in every listen interval to receive beacon. This listen interval can be set to be longer than the AP DTIM period. Broadcast data may be lost because station may be in sleep state at DTIM time. If listen interval is longer, more power is saved, but broadcast data is more easy to lose. Listen interval can be configured by calling API esp_wifi_set_config() before connecting to AP.

Call esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM) to enable Modem-sleep minimum power-saving mode or esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_MAX_MODEM) to enable Modem-sleep maximum power-saving mode after calling esp_wifi_init(). When station connects to AP, Modem-sleep will start. When station disconnects from AP, Modem-sleep will stop.

Call esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_NONE) to disable modem sleep entirely. This has much higher power consumption, but provides minimum latency for receiving Wi-Fi data in real time. When modem sleep is enabled, received Wi-Fi data can be delayed for as long as the DTIM period (minimum power save mode) or the listen interval (maximum power save mode). Disabling modem sleep entirely is not possible for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth coexist mode.

The default Modem-sleep mode is WIFI_PS_MIN_MODEM.

AP Sleep

Currently ESP32 AP doesn’t support all of the power save feature defined in Wi-Fi specification. To be specific, the AP only caches unicast data for the stations connect to this AP, but doesn’t cache the multicast data for the stations. If stations connected to the ESP32 AP are power save enabled, they may experience multicast packet loss.

In the future, all power save features will be supported on ESP32 AP.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Throughput

The table below shows the best throughput results we got in Espressif’s lab and in a shield box.

Type/Throughput	Air In Lab	Shield-box	Test Tool	IDF Version (commit ID)
Raw 802.11 Packet RX	N/A	130 MBit/s	Internal tool	NA
Raw 802.11 Packet TX	N/A	130 MBit/s	Internal tool	NA
UDP RX	30 MBit/s	85 MBit/s	iperf example	15575346
UDP TX	30 MBit/s	75 MBit/s	iperf example	15575346
TCP RX	20 MBit/s	65 MBit/s	iperf example	15575346
TCP TX	20 MBit/s	75 MBit/s	iperf example	15575346

When the throughput is tested by iperf example, the sdkconfig is examples/wifi/iperf/sdkconfig.defaults.esp32.

Wi-Fi 80211 Packet Send

The esp_wifi_80211_tx() API can be used to:

Send the beacon, probe request, probe response, action frame.

Send the non-QoS data frame.

It cannot be used for sending encrypted or QoS frames.

Preconditions of Using `esp_wifi_80211_tx()`

The Wi-Fi mode is station, or AP, or station/AP.

Either esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true), or esp_wifi_start(), or both of these APIs return ESP_OK. This is because Wi-Fi hardware must be initialized before esp_wifi_80211_tx() is called. In ESP32, both esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true) and esp_wifi_start() can trigger the initialization of Wi-Fi hardware.

The parameters of esp_wifi_80211_tx() are hereby correctly provided.

Data rate

The default data rate is 1 Mbps.

Can set any rate through esp_wifi_config_80211_tx_rate() API.

Can set any bandwidth through esp_wifi_set_bandwidth() API.

Side-Effects to Avoid in Different Scenarios

Theoretically, if the side-effects the API imposes on the Wi-Fi driver or other stations/APs are not considered, a raw 802.11 packet can be sent over the air with any destination MAC, any source MAC, any BSSID, or any other types of packet. However, robust or useful applications should avoid such side-effects. The table below provides some tips and recommendations on how to avoid the side-effects of esp_wifi_80211_tx() in different scenarios.

Scenario

Description

No Wi-Fi connection

In this scenario, no Wi-Fi connection is set up, so there are no side-effects on the Wi-Fi driver. If en_sys_seq==true, the Wi-Fi driver is responsible for the sequence control. If en_sys_seq==false, the application needs to ensure that the buffer has the correct sequence.

Theoretically, the MAC address can be any address. However, this may impact other stations/APs with the same MAC/BSSID.

Side-effect example#1 The application calls esp_wifi_80211_tx() to send a beacon with BSSID == mac_x in AP mode, but the mac_x is not the MAC of the AP interface. Moreover, there is another AP, e.g., “other-AP”, whose BSSID is mac_x. If this happens, an “unexpected behavior” may occur, because the stations which connect to the “other-AP” cannot figure out whether the beacon is from the “other-AP” or the esp_wifi_80211_tx().

To avoid the above-mentioned side-effects, it is recommended that:

If esp_wifi_80211_tx is called in station mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the station interface.
If esp_wifi_80211_tx is called in AP mode, the first MAC should be a multicast MAC or the exact target-device’s MAC, while the second MAC should be that of the AP interface.

The recommendations above are only for avoiding side-effects and can be ignored when there are good reasons.

Have Wi-Fi connection

When the Wi-Fi connection is already set up, and the sequence is controlled by the application, the latter may impact the sequence control of the Wi-Fi connection as a whole. So, the en_sys_seq need to be true, otherwise ESP_ERR_WIFI_ARG is returned.

The MAC-address recommendations in the “No Wi-Fi connection” scenario also apply to this scenario.

If the Wi-Fi mode is station mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of AP to which the station is connected, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of station interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the station to AP. Otherwise, if the Wi-Fi is in AP mode, the MAC address1 is the MAC of the station that connects to this AP, and the MAC address2 is the MAC of AP interface, it is said that the packet is sent from the AP to station. To avoid conflicting with Wi-Fi connections, the following checks are applied:

If the packet type is data and is sent from the station to AP, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 1 and the FromDS bit should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.
If the packet type is data and is sent from the AP to station, the ToDS bit in IEEE 80211 frame control should be 0 and the FromDS bit should be 1. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.
If the packet is sent from station to AP or from AP to station, the Power Management, More Data, and Re-Transmission bits should be 0. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded by Wi-Fi driver.

ESP_ERR_WIFI_ARG is returned if any check fails.

Wi-Fi Sniffer Mode

The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled by esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(). If the sniffer mode is enabled, the following packets can be dumped to the application:

802.11 Management frame.

802.11 Data frame, including MPDU, AMPDU, AMSDU, etc.

802.11 MIMO frame, for MIMO frame, the sniffer only dumps the length of the frame.

802.11 Control frame.

The following packets will NOT be dumped to the application:

802.11 error frame, such as the frame with a CRC error, etc.

For frames that the sniffer can dump, the application can additionally decide which specific type of packets can be filtered to the application by using esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter() and esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_ctrl_filter(). By default, it will filter all 802.11 data and management frames to the application.

The Wi-Fi sniffer mode can be enabled in the Wi-Fi mode of WIFI_MODE_NULL, or WIFI_MODE_STA, or WIFI_MODE_AP, or WIFI_MODE_APSTA. In other words, the sniffer mode is active when the station is connected to the AP, or when the AP has a Wi-Fi connection. Please note that the sniffer has a great impact on the throughput of the station or AP Wi-Fi connection. Generally, we should NOT enable the sniffer, when the station/AP Wi-Fi connection experiences heavy traffic unless we have special reasons.

Another noteworthy issue about the sniffer is the callback wifi_promiscuous_cb_t. The callback will be called directly in the Wi-Fi driver task, so if the application has a lot of work to do for each filtered packet, the recommendation is to post an event to the application task in the callback and defer the real work to the application task.

Wi-Fi Multiple Antennas

The Wi-Fi multiple antennas selecting can be depicted as following picture:

                __________
               |Enabled   |
            ___|Antenna 0 |\\                                              _________
               |__________| \\        GPIO[0] <----> antenna_select[0] ---|         | --- antenna 0
RX/TX ___                    \\____\  GPIO[1] <----> antenna_select[1] ---| Antenna | --- antenna 1
         \      __________   //    /  GPIO[2] <----> antenna_select[2] ---| Switch  | ...  ...
          \ ___|Enabled   | //        GPIO[3] <----> antenna_select[3] ---|_________| --- antenna 15
           \   |Antenna 1 |//
               |__________|

ESP32 supports up to sixteen antennas through external antenna switch. The antenna switch can be controlled by up to four address pins - antenna_select[0:3]. Different input value of antenna_select[0:3] means selecting different antenna. E.g. the value ‘0b1011’ means the antenna 11 is selected. The default value of antenna_select[3:0] is ‘0b0000’, it means the antenna 0 is selected by default.

Up to four GPIOs are connected to the four active high antenna_select pins. ESP32 can select the antenna by control the GPIO[0:3]. The API esp_wifi_set_ant_gpio() is used to configure which GPIOs are connected to antenna_selects. If GPIO[x] is connected to antenna_select[x], then gpio_config->gpio_cfg[x].gpio_select should be set to 1 and gpio_config->gpio_cfg[x].gpio_num should be provided.

For the specific implementation of the antenna switch, there may be illegal values in antenna_select[0:3]. It means that ESP32 may support less than sixteen antennas through the switch. For example, ESP32-WROOM-DA which uses RTC6603SP as the antenna switch, supports two antennas. Two GPIOs are connected to two active high antenna selection inputs. The value ‘0b01’ means the antenna 0 is selected, the value ‘0b10’ means the antenna 1 is selected. Values ‘0b00’ and ‘0b11’ are illegal.

Although up to sixteen antennas are supported, only one or two antennas can be simultaneously enabled for RX/TX. The API esp_wifi_set_ant() is used to configure which antennas are enabled.

The enabled antennas selecting algorithm is also configured by esp_wifi_set_ant(). The RX/TX antenna mode can be WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT0, WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1 or WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO. If the antenna mode is WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT0, the enabled antenna 0 is selected for RX/TX data. If the antenna mode is WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1, the enabled antenna 1 is selected for RX/TX data. Otherwise, Wi-Fi automatically selects the antenna that has better signal from the enabled antennas.

If the RX antenna mode is WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO, the default antenna mode also needs to be set. Because the RX antenna switching only happens when some conditions are met, e.g. the RX antenna starts to switch if the RSSI is lower than -65 dBm and if another antenna has better signal etc, RX uses the default antenna if the conditions are not met. If the default antenna mode is WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1, the enabled antenna 1 is used as the default RX antenna, otherwise the enabled antenna 0 is used as the default RX antenna.

Some limitations need to be considered:

The TX antenna can be set to WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO only if the RX antenna mode is WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO because TX antenna selecting algorithm is based on RX antenna in WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO type.

Currently Bluetooth® doesn’t support the multiple antennas feature, please don’t use multiple antennas related APIs.

Following is the recommended scenarios to use the multiple antennas:

In Wi-Fi mode WIFI_MODE_STA, both RX/TX antenna modes are configured to WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO. The Wi-Fi driver selects the better RX/TX antenna automatically.

The RX antenna mode is configured to WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO. The TX antenna mode is configured to WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT0 or WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1. The applications can choose to always select a specified antenna for TX, or implement their own TX antenna selecting algorithm, e.g. selecting the TX antenna mode based on the channel switch information etc.

Both RX/TX antenna modes are configured to WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT0 or WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1.

Wi-Fi Multiple Antennas Configuration

Generally, following steps can be taken to configure the multiple antennas:

Configure which GPIOs are connected to the antenna_selects, for example, if four antennas are supported and GPIO20/GPIO21 are connected to antenna_select[0]/antenna_select[1], the configurations look like:
wifi_ant_gpio_config_t config = {
    { .gpio_select = 1, .gpio_num = 20 },
    { .gpio_select = 1, .gpio_num = 21 }
};
Configure which antennas are enabled and how RX/TX use the enabled antennas, for example, if antenna1 and antenna3 are enabled, the RX needs to select the better antenna automatically and uses antenna1 as its default antenna, the TX always selects the antenna3. The configuration looks like:
wifi_ant_config_t config = {
    .rx_ant_mode = WIFI_ANT_MODE_AUTO,
    .rx_ant_default = WIFI_ANT_ANT0,
    .tx_ant_mode = WIFI_ANT_MODE_ANT1,
    .enabled_ant0 = 1,
    .enabled_ant1 = 3
};

Wi-Fi Channel State Information

Channel state information (CSI) refers to the channel information of a Wi-Fi connection. In ESP32, this information consists of channel frequency responses of sub-carriers and is estimated when packets are received from the transmitter. Each channel frequency response of sub-carrier is recorded by two bytes of signed characters. The first one is imaginary part and the second one is real part. There are up to three fields of channel frequency responses according to the type of received packet. They are legacy long training field (LLTF), high throughput LTF (HT-LTF) and space time block code HT-LTF (STBC-HT-LTF). For different types of packets which are received on channels with different state, the sub-carrier index and total bytes of signed characters of CSI is shown in the following table.

channel

secondary channel

none

below

above

packet

information

signal mode

non HT

HT

non HT

HT

non HT

HT

channel bandwidth

20 MHz

40 MHz

20 MHz

40 MHz

STBC

non STBC

STBC

non STBC

STBC

non STBC

STBC

non STBC

STBC

non STBC

STBC

sub-carrier

index

LLTF

0~31, -32~-1

0~63

-64~-1

HT-LTF

0~31, -32~-1

0~63

0~62

0~63, -64~-1

0~60, -60~-1

-64~-1

-62~-1

0~63, -64~-1

0~60, -60~-1

STBC-HT-LTF

0~31, -32~-1

0~62

0~60, -60~-1

-62~-1

0~60, -60~-1

total bytes

128

256

384

128

256

380

384

612

128

256

376

384

612

All of the information in the table can be found in the structure wifi_csi_info_t.

Secondary channel refers to secondary_channel field of rx_ctrl field.

Signal mode of packet refers to sig_mode field of rx_ctrl field.

Channel bandwidth refers to cwb field of rx_ctrl field.

STBC refers to stbc field of rx_ctrl field.

Total bytes refers to len field.

The CSI data corresponding to each Long Training Field(LTF) type is stored in a buffer starting from the buf field. Each item is stored as two bytes: imaginary part followed by real part. The order of each item is the same as the sub-carrier in the table. The order of LTF is: LLTF, HT-LTF, STBC-HT-LTF. However all 3 LTFs may not be present, depending on the channel and packet information (see above).

If first_word_invalid field of wifi_csi_info_t is true, it means that the first four bytes of CSI data is invalid due to a hardware limitation in ESP32.

More information like RSSI, noise floor of RF, receiving time and antenna is in the rx_ctrl field.

When imaginary part and real part data of sub-carrier are used, please refer to the table below.

PHY standard	Sub-carrier range	Pilot sub-carrier	Sub-carrier(total/data)
802.11a/g	-26 to +26	-21, -7, +7, +21	52 total, 48 usable
802.11n, 20MHz	-28 to +28	-21, -7, +7, +21	56 total, 52 usable
802.11n, 40MHz	-57 to +57	-53, -25, -11, +11, +25, +53	114 total, 108 usable

Note

For STBC packet, CSI is provided for every space-time stream without CSD (cyclic shift delay). As each cyclic shift on the additional chains shall be -200 ns, only the CSD angle of first space-time stream is recorded in sub-carrier 0 of HT-LTF and STBC-HT-LTF for there is no channel frequency response in sub-carrier 0. CSD[10:0] is 11 bits, ranging from -pi to pi.
If LLTF, HT-LTF, or STBC-HT-LTF is not enabled by calling API esp_wifi_set_csi_config(), the total bytes of CSI data will be fewer than that in the table. For example, if LLTF and HT-LTF is not enabled and STBC-HT-LTF is enabled, when a packet is received with the condition above/HT/40MHz/STBC, the total bytes of CSI data is 244 ((61 + 60) * 2 + 2 = 244. The result is aligned to four bytes, and the last two bytes are invalid).

Wi-Fi Channel State Information Configure

To use Wi-Fi CSI, the following steps need to be done.

Select Wi-Fi CSI in menuconfig. Go to Menuconfig > Components config > Wi-Fi > Wi-Fi CSI (Channel State Information).

Set CSI receiving callback function by calling API esp_wifi_set_csi_rx_cb().

Configure CSI by calling API esp_wifi_set_csi_config().

Enable CSI by calling API esp_wifi_set_csi().

The CSI receiving callback function runs from Wi-Fi task. So, do not do lengthy operations in the callback function. Instead, post necessary data to a queue and handle it from a lower priority task. Because station does not receive any packet when it is disconnected and only receives packets from AP when it is connected, it is suggested to enable sniffer mode to receive more CSI data by calling esp_wifi_set_promiscuous().

Wi-Fi HT20/40

ESP32 supports Wi-Fi bandwidth HT20 or HT40 and does not support HT20/40 coexist. esp_wifi_set_bandwidth() can be used to change the default bandwidth of station or AP. The default bandwidth for ESP32 station and AP is HT40.

In station mode, the actual bandwidth is firstly negotiated during the Wi-Fi connection. It is HT40 only if both the station and the connected AP support HT40, otherwise it’s HT20. If the bandwidth of connected AP is changes, the actual bandwidth is negotiated again without Wi-Fi disconnecting.

Similarly, in AP mode, the actual bandwidth is negotiated between AP and the stations that connect to the AP. It’s HT40 if the AP and one of the stations support HT40, otherwise it’s HT20.

In station/AP coexist mode, the station/AP can configure HT20/40 seperately. If both station and AP are negotiated to HT40, the HT40 channel should be the channel of station because the station always has higher priority than AP in ESP32. E.g. the configured bandwidth of AP is HT40, the configured primary channel is 6 and the configured secondary channel is 10. The station is connected to an router whose primary channel is 6 and secondary channel is 2, then the actual channel of AP is changed to primary 6 and secondary 2 automatically.

Theoretically the HT40 can gain better throughput because the maximum raw physicial (PHY) data rate for HT40 is 150Mbps while it’s 72Mbps for HT20. However, if the device is used in some special environment, e.g. there are too many other Wi-Fi devices around the ESP32 device, the performance of HT40 may be degraded. So if the applications need to support same or similar scenarios, it’s recommended that the bandwidth is always configured to HT20.

Wi-Fi QoS

ESP32 supports all the mandatory features required in WFA Wi-Fi QoS Certification.

Four ACs(Access Category) are defined in Wi-Fi specification, each AC has a its own priority to access the Wi-Fi channel. Moreover a map rule is defined to map the QoS priority of other protocol, such as 802.11D or TCP/IP precedence to Wi-Fi AC.

Below is a table describes how the IP Precedences are mapped to Wi-Fi ACs in ESP32, it also indicates whether the AMPDU is supported for this AC. The table is sorted with priority descending order, namely, the AC_VO has highest priority.

IP Precedence	Wi-Fi AC	Support AMPDU?
6, 7	AC_VO (Voice)	No
4, 5	AC_VI (Video)	Yes
3, 0	AC_BE (Best Effort)	Yes
1, 2	AC_BK (Background)	Yes

The application can make use of the QoS feature by configuring the IP precedence via socket option IP_TOS. Here is an example to make the socket to use VI queue:

const int ip_precedence_vi = 4;
const int ip_precedence_offset = 5;
int priority = (ip_precedence_vi << ip_precedence_offset);
setsockopt(socket_id, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &priority, sizeof(priority));

Theoretically the higher priority AC has better performance than the low priority AC, however, it’s not always be true, here are some suggestions about how to use the Wi-Fi QoS:

For some really important application traffic, can put it into AC_VO queue. Avoid sending big traffic via AC_VO queue. On one hand, the AC_VO queue doesn’t support AMPDU and it can’t get better performance than other queue if the traffic is big, on the other hand, it may impact the the management frames that also use AC_VO queue.

Avoid using more than two different AMPDU supported precedences, e.g. socket A uses precedence 0, socket B uses precedence 1, socket C uses precedence 2, this is a bad design because it may need much more memory. To be detailed, the Wi-Fi driver may generate a Block Ack session for each precedence and it needs more memory if the Block Ack session is setup.

Wi-Fi AMSDU

ESP32 supports receiving and transmitting AMSDU.

Wi-Fi Fragment

supports Wi-Fi receiving fragment, but doesn’t support Wi-Fi transmitting fragment.

WPS Enrollee

ESP32 supports WPS enrollee feature in Wi-Fi mode WIFI_MODE_STA or WIFI_MODE_APSTA. Currently ESP32 supports WPS enrollee type PBC and PIN.

Wi-Fi Buffer Usage

This section is only about the dynamic buffer configuration.

Why Buffer Configuration Is Important

In order to get a , high-performance system, we need to consider the memory usage/configuration very carefully, because:

the available memory in ESP32 is limited.

currently, the default type of buffer in LwIP and Wi-Fi drivers is “dynamic”, which means that both the LwIP and Wi-Fi share memory with the application. Programmers should always keep this in mind; otherwise, they will face a memory issue, such as “running out of heap memory”.

it is very dangerous to run out of heap memory, as this will cause ESP32 an “undefined behavior”. Thus, enough heap memory should be reserved for the application, so that it never runs out of it.

the Wi-Fi throughput heavily depends on memory-related configurations, such as the TCP window size, Wi-Fi RX/TX dynamic buffer number, etc.

the peak heap memory that the ESP32 LwIP/Wi-Fi may consume depends on a number of factors, such as the maximum TCP/UDP connections that the application may have, etc.

the total memory that the application requires is also an important factor when considering memory configuration.

Due to these reasons, there is not a good-for-all application configuration. Rather, we have to consider memory configurations separately for every different application.

Dynamic vs. Static Buffer

The default type of buffer in Wi-Fi drivers is “dynamic”. Most of the time the dynamic buffer can significantly save memory. However, it makes the application programming a little more difficult, because in this case the application needs to consider memory usage in Wi-Fi.

lwIP also allocates buffers at the TCP/IP layer, and this buffer allocation is also dynamic. See lwIP documentation section about memory use and performance.

Peak Wi-Fi Dynamic Buffer

The Wi-Fi driver supports several types of buffer (refer to Wi-Fi Buffer Configure). However, this section is about the usage of the dynamic Wi-Fi buffer only. The peak heap memory that Wi-Fi consumes is the theoretically-maximum memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes. Generally, the peak memory depends on:

the number of dynamic rx buffers that are configured: wifi_rx_dynamic_buf_num

the number of dynamic tx buffers that are configured: wifi_tx_dynamic_buf_num

the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can receive: wifi_rx_pkt_size_max

the maximum packet size that the Wi-Fi driver can send: wifi_tx_pkt_size_max

So, the peak memory that the Wi-Fi driver consumes can be calculated with the following formula:

wifi_dynamic_peek_memory = (wifi_rx_dynamic_buf_num * wifi_rx_pkt_size_max) + (wifi_tx_dynamic_buf_num * wifi_tx_pkt_size_max)

Generally, we do not need to care about the dynamic tx long buffers and dynamic tx long long buffers, because they are management frames which only have a small impact on the system.

How to improve Wi-Fi performance

The performance of ESP32 Wi-Fi is affected by many parameters, and there are mutual constraints between each parameter. A proper configuration can not only improve performance but also increase available memory for applications and improve stability.

In this section, we will briefly explain the operating mode of the Wi-Fi/LWIP protocol stack and explain the role of each parameter. We will give several recommended configuration ranks, user can choose the appropriate rank according to the usage scenario.

Protocol stack operation mode

../_images/api-guides-WiFi-driver-how-to-improve-WiFi-performance.png

ESP32 datapath

The ESP32 protocol stack is divided into four layers: Application, LWIP, Wi-Fi, and Hardware.

During receiving, hardware puts the received packet into DMA buffer, and then transfers it into the RX buffer of Wi-Fi, LWIP in turn for related protocol processing, and finally to the application layer. The Wi-Fi RX buffer and the LWIP RX buffer shares the same buffer by default. In other words, the Wi-Fi forwards the packet to LWIP by reference by default.

During sending, the application copies the messages to be sent into the TX buffer of the LWIP layer for TCP/IP encapsulation. The messages will then be passed to the TX buffer of the Wi-Fi layer for MAC encapsulation and wait to be sent.

Parameters

Increasing the size or number of the buffers mentioned above properly can improve Wi-Fi performance. Meanwhile, it will reduce available memory to the application. The following is an introduction to the parameters that users need to configure:

RX direction:

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM
This parameter indicates the number of DMA buffer at the hardware layer. Increasing this parameter will increase the sender’s one-time receiving throughput, thereby improving the Wi-Fi protocol stack ability to handle burst traffic.

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM
This parameter indicates the number of RX buffer in the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet reception. This parameter needs to match the RX buffer size of the LWIP layer.

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_RX_BA_WIN
This parameter indicates the size of the AMPDU BA Window at the receiving end. This parameter should be configured to the smaller value between twice of CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM and CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM.

CONFIG_LWIP_TCP_WND_DEFAULT
This parameter represents the RX buffer size of the LWIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM(KB) to reach a high and stable performance. Meanwhile, in case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.

TX direction:

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_STATIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM
This parameter indicates the type of TX buffer, it is recommended to configure it as a dynamic buffer, which can make full use of memory.

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM
This parameter indicates the number of TX buffer on the Wi-Fi layer. Increasing this parameter will improve the performance of packet sending. The parameter value needs to match the TX buffer size of the LWIP layer.

CONFIG_LWIP_TCP_SND_BUF_DEFAULT
This parameter represents the TX buffer size of the LWIP layer for each TCP stream. Its value should be configured to the value of WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM(KB) to reach a high and stable performance. In case of multiple streams, this value needs to be reduced proportionally.

Throughput optimization by placing code in IRAM:

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_IRAM_OPT
If this option is enabled, some Wi-Fi functions are moved to IRAM, improving throughput. This increases IRAM usage by 15 kB.

CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_RX_IRAM_OPT
If this option is enabled, some Wi-Fi RX functions are moved to IRAM, improving throughput. This increases IRAM usage by 16 kB.

CONFIG_LWIP_IRAM_OPTIMIZATION
If this option is enabled, some LWIP functions are moved to IRAM, improving throughput. This increases IRAM usage by 13 kB.

Note

The buffer size mentioned above is fixed as 1.6 KB.

How to configure parameters

ESP32’s memory is shared by protocol stack and applications.

Here, we have given several configuration ranks. In most cases, the user should select a suitable rank for parameter configuration according to the size of the memory occupied by the application.

The parameters not mentioned in the following table should be set to the default.

Rank	Iperf	TX prior	High-performance	RX prior	Default	Memory saving	Minimum
Available memory(KB)	37.1	113.8	123.3	145.5	144.5	170.2	185.2
WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM	16	6	6	6	6	6	4
WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM	64	16	24	34	20	12	8
WIFI_DYNAMIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM	64	28	24	18	20	12	8
WIFI_RX_BA_WIN	32	8	12	12	10	6	Disable
TCP_SND_BUF_DEFAULT(KB)	65	28	24	18	20	12	8
TCP_WND_DEFAULT(KB)	65	16	24	34	20	12	8
WIFI_IRAM_OPT	15	15	15	15	15	15	15
WIFI_RX_IRAM_OPT	16	16	16	16	16	16	16
LWIP_IRAM_OPTIMIZATION	13	13	13	13	13	13	13
TCP TX throughput (Mbit/s)	74.6	50.8	46.5	39.9	44.2	33.8	25.6
TCP RX throughput (Mbit/s)	63.6	35.5	42.3	48.5	40.5	30.1	27.8
UDP TX throughput (Mbit/s)	76.2	75.1	74.1	72.4	69.6	64.1	36.5
UDP RX throughput (Mbit/s)	83.1	66.3	75.1	75.6	73.1	65.3	54.7

Note

The test was performed with a single stream in a shielded box using an ASUS RT-N66U router. ESP32’s CPU is dual core with 240 MHz, ESP32’s flash is in QIO mode with 80 MHz.

Ranks:

Iperf rank
ESP32 extreme performance rank used to test extreme performance.

High-performance rank
The ESP32’s high-performance configuration rank, suitable for scenarios that the application occupies less memory and has high-performance requirements. In this rank, users can choose to use the RX prior rank or the TX prior rank according to the usage scenario.

Default rank
ESP32’s default configuration rank, the available memory, and performance are in balance.

Memory saving rank
This rank is suitable for scenarios where the application requires a large amount of memory, and the transceiver performance will be reduced in this rank.

Minimum rank
This is the minimum configuration rank of ESP32. The protocol stack only uses the necessary memory for running. It is suitable for scenarios that have no requirement for performance and the application requires lots of space.

Using PSRAM

PSRAM is generally used when the application takes up a lot of memory. In this mode, the CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_TX_BUFFER is forced to be static. CONFIG_ESP32_WIFI_STATIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM indicates the number of DMA buffers at the hardware layer, increase this parameter can improve performance. The following are the recommended ranks for using PSRAM:

Rank	Iperf	Default	Memory saving	Minimum
Available memory (KB)	113.8	152.4	181.2	202.6
WIFI_STATIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM	16	8	4	2
WIFI_DYNAMIC_RX_BUFFER_NUM	128	128	128	128
WIFI_STATIC_TX_BUFFER_NUM	16	8	4	2
WIFI_RX_BA_WIN	16	16	8	Disable
TCP_SND_BUF_DEFAULT (KB)	65	65	65	65
TCP_WND_DEFAULT (KB)	65	65	65	65
WIFI_IRAM_OPT	15	15	15	0
WIFI_RX_IRAM_OPT	16	16	0	0
LWIP_IRAM_OPTIMIZATION	13	0	0	0
TCP TX throughput (Mbit/s)	37.5	31.7	21.7	14.6
TCP RX throughput (Mbit/s)	31.5	29.8	26.5	21.1
UDP TX throughput (Mbit/s)	69.1	31.5	27.1	24.1
UDP RX throughput (Mbit/s)	40.1	38.5	37.5	36.9

Wi-Fi Menuconfig

Wi-Fi Buffer Configure

If you are going to modify the default number or type of buffer, it would be helpful to also have an overview of how the buffer is allocated/freed in the data path. The following diagram shows this process in the TX direction:

TX Buffer Allocation

Description:

The application allocates the data which needs to be sent out.

The application calls TCPIP-/Socket-related APIs to send the user data. These APIs will allocate a PBUF used in LwIP, and make a copy of the user data.

When LwIP calls a Wi-Fi API to send the PBUF, the Wi-Fi API will allocate a “Dynamic Tx Buffer” or “Static Tx Buffer”, make a copy of the LwIP PBUF, and finally send the data.

The following diagram shows how buffer is allocated/freed in the RX direction:

RX Buffer Allocation

Description:

The Wi-Fi hardware receives a packet over the air and puts the packet content to the “Static Rx Buffer”, which is also called “RX DMA Buffer”.

The Wi-Fi driver allocates a “Dynamic Rx Buffer”, makes a copy of the “Static Rx Buffer”, and returns the “Static Rx Buffer” to hardware.

The Wi-Fi driver delivers the packet to the upper-layer (LwIP), and allocates a PBUF for holding the “Dynamic Rx Buffer”.

The application receives data from LwIP.

The diagram shows the configuration of the Wi-Fi internal buffer.

Buffer Type	Alloc Type	Default	Configurable	Description
Static RX Buffer (Hardware RX Buffer)	Static	10 * 1600 Bytes	Yes	This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in `esp_wifi_init()` and freed in `esp_wifi_deinit()`. The ‘Static Rx Buffer’ forms the hardware receiving list. Upon receiving a frame over the air, hardware writes the frame into the buffer and raises an interrupt to the CPU. Then, the Wi-Fi driver reads the content from the buffer and returns the buffer back to the list. If the application want to reduce the the memory statically allocated by Wi-Fi, they can reduce this value from 10 to 6 to save 6400 Bytes memory. It’s not recommended to reduce the configuration to a value less than 6 unless the AMPDU feature is disabled.
Dynamic RX Buffer	Dynamic	32	Yes	The buffer length is variable and it depends on the received frames’ length. When the Wi-Fi driver receives a frame from the ‘Hardware Rx Buffer’, the ‘Dynamic Rx Buffer’ needs to be allocated from the heap. The number of the Dynamic Rx Buffer, configured in the menuconfig, is used to limit the total un-freed Dynamic Rx Buffer number.
Dynamic TX Buffer	Dynamic	32	Yes	This is a kind of DMA memory. It is allocated to the heap. When the upper- layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Dynamic TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer. The Dynamic and Static TX Buffers are mutually exclusive.
Static TX Buffer	Static	16 * 1600Bytes	Yes	This is a kind of DMA memory. It is initialized in `esp_wifi_init()` and freed in `esp_wifi_deinit()`. When the upper-layer (LwIP) sends packets to the Wi-Fi driver, it firstly allocates a ‘Static TX Buffer’ and makes a copy of the upper-layer buffer. The Dynamic and Static TX Buffer are mutually exclusive. Since the TX buffer must be DMA buffer, so when PSRAM is enabled, the TX buffer must be static.
Management Short Buffer	Dynamic	8	NO	Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.
Management Long Buffer	Dynamic	32	NO	Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.
Management Long Long Buffer	Dynamic	32	NO	Wi-Fi driver’s internal buffer.

Wi-Fi NVS Flash

If the Wi-Fi NVS flash is enabled, all Wi-Fi configurations set via the Wi-Fi APIs will be stored into flash, and the Wi-Fi driver will start up with these configurations next time it powers on/reboots. However, the application can choose to disable the Wi-Fi NVS flash if it does not need to store the configurations into persistent memory, or has its own persistent storage, or simply due to debugging reasons, etc.

Wi-Fi AMPDU

ESP32 supports both receiving and transmitting AMPDU, the AMPDU can greatly improve the Wi-Fi throughput.

Generally, the AMPDU should be enabled. Disabling AMPDU is usually for debugging purposes.

Troubleshooting

Please refer to a separate document with Espressif Wireshark User Guide.

Provide feedback about this document

Wi-Fi Driver

ESP32 Wi-Fi Feature List

How To Write a Wi-Fi Application

Preparation

Setting Wi-Fi Compile-time Options

Init Wi-Fi

Start/Connect Wi-Fi

Event-Handling

Write Error-Recovery Routines Correctly at All Times

ESP32 Wi-Fi API Error Code

ESP32 Wi-Fi API Parameter Initialization

ESP32 Wi-Fi Programming Model

ESP32 Wi-Fi Event Description

WIFI_EVENT_WIFI_READY

WIFI_EVENT_SCAN_DONE

WIFI_EVENT_STA_START

WIFI_EVENT_STA_STOP

WIFI_EVENT_STA_CONNECTED

WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED

IP_EVENT_STA_GOT_IP

IP_EVENT_GOT_IP6

IP_EVENT_STA_LOST_IP

WIFI_EVENT_AP_START

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STOP

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED

WIFI_EVENT_AP_STADISCONNECTED

WIFI_EVENT_AP_PROBEREQRECVED

WIFI_EVENT_STA_BEACON_TIMEOUT

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station General Scenario

1. Wi-Fi/LwIP Init Phase

2. Wi-Fi Configuration Phase

3. Wi-Fi Start Phase

4. Wi-Fi Connect Phase

5. Wi-Fi ‘Got IP’ Phase

6. Wi-Fi Disconnect Phase

7. Wi-Fi IP Change Phase

8. Wi-Fi Deinit Phase

ESP32 Wi-Fi AP General Scenario

ESP32 Wi-Fi Scan

Scan Type

Scan Configuration

Scan All APs on All Channels (Foreground)

Scan Configuration Phase

Wi-Fi Driver’s Internal Scan Phase

Scan-Done Event Handling Phase

Scan All APs on All Channels (Background)

Scan for Specific AP on All Channels

Scan in Wi-Fi Connect

Scan In Blocked Mode

Parallel Scan

Scan When Wi-Fi is Connecting

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting Scenario

Scan Phase

Auth Phase

Association Phase

Four-way Handshake Phase

Wi-Fi Reason Code

ESP32 Wi-Fi Station Connecting When Multiple APs Are Found

Wi-Fi Reconnect

Wi-Fi Beacon Timeout

ESP32 Wi-Fi Configuration

Wi-Fi Mode

Station Basic Configuration

AP Basic Configuration

Wi-Fi Protocol Mode

Long Range (LR)

LR Compatibility

LR Impacts to Traditional Wi-Fi device

LR Transmission Distance

LR Throughput

When to Use LR

Wi-Fi Country Code

Home Channel

Wi-Fi Vendor IE Configuration

Wi-Fi Easy Connect™ (DPP)

WPA2-Enterprise

Wireless Network Management

Radio Resource Measurement

ESP32 Wi-Fi Power-saving Mode

Station Sleep

Preconditions of Using `esp_wifi_80211_tx()`