I2S¶

Overview¶

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) is a serial, synchronous communication protocol that is usually used for transmitting audio data between two digital audio devices.

ESP32 contains two I2S peripherals. These peripherals can be configured to input and output sample data via the I2S driver.

An I2S bus consists of the following lines:

Bit clock line
Channel select line
Serial data line

Each I2S controller has the following features that can be configured using the I2S driver:

Operation as system master or slave
Capable of acting as transmitter or receiver
Dedicated DMA controller that allows for streaming sample data without requiring the CPU to copy each data sample

Each controller can operate in half-duplex communication mode. Thus, the two controllers can be combined to establish full-duplex communication.

I2S0 output can be routed directly to the digital-to-analog converter’s (DAC) output channels (GPIO 25 & GPIO 26) to produce direct analog output without involving any external I2S codecs. I2S0 can also be used for transmitting PDM (Pulse-density modulation) signals.

The I2S peripherals also support LCD mode for communicating data over a parallel bus, as used by some LCD displays and camera modules. LCD mode has the following operational modes:

LCD master transmitting mode
Camera slave receiving mode
ADC/DAC mode

For more information, see the ESP32 Technical Reference Manual.

Note

For high accuracy clock applications, use the APLL_CLK clock source, which has the frequency range of 16 ~ 128 MHz. You can enable the APLL_CLK clock source by setting i2s_config_t::use_apll to TRUE.

If i2s_config_t::use_apll = TRUE and i2s_config_t::fixed_mclk > 0, then the master clock output frequency for I2S will be equal to the value of i2s_config_t::fixed_mclk, which means that the mclk frequency is provided by the user, instead of being calculated by the driver.

The clock rate of the word select line, which is called audio left-right clock rate (LRCK) here, is always the divisor of the master clock output frequency and for which the following is always true: 0 < MCLK/LRCK/channels/bits_per_sample < 64.

Functional Overview¶

Installing the Driver¶

Install the I2S driver by calling the function :cpp:func`i2s_driver_install` and passing the following arguments:

Port number
The structure i2s_config_t with defined communication parameters
Event queue size and handle

Configuration example:

static const int i2s_num = 0; // i2s port number

static const i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX,
    .sample_rate = 44100,
    .bits_per_sample = 16,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = 0, // default interrupt priority
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 64,
    .use_apll = false
};

i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);

Setting Communication Pins¶

Once the driver is installed, configure physical GPIO pins to which signals will be routed. For this, call the function :cpp:func`i2s_set_pin` and pass the following arguments to it:

Port number
The structure i2s_pin_config_t defining the GPIO pin numbers to which the driver should route the BCK, WS, DATA out, and DATA in signals. If you want to keep a currently allocated pin number for a specific signal, or if this signal is unused, then pass the macro I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE. See the example below.

static const i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = 26,
    .ws_io_num = 25,
    .data_out_num = 22,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
};

i2s_set_pin(i2s_num, &pin_config);

Running I2S Communication¶

To perform a transmission:

Prepare the data for sending
Call the function i2s_write() and pass the data buffer address and data length to it

The function will write the data to the I2S DMA Tx buffer, and then the data will be transmitted automatically.

i2s_write(I2S_NUM, samples_data, ((bits+8)/16)*SAMPLE_PER_CYCLE*4, &i2s_bytes_write, 100);

To retrieve received data, use the function i2s_read(). It will retrieve the data from the I2S DMA Rx buffer, once the data is received by the I2S controller.

You can temporarily stop the I2S driver by calling the function i2s_stop(), which will disable the I2S Tx/Rx units until the function i2s_start() is called. If the function :cpp:func`i2s_driver_install` is used, the driver will start up automatically eliminating the need to call i2s_start().

Deleting the Driver¶

If the established communication is no longer required, the driver can be removed to free allocated resources by calling i2s_driver_uninstall().

Application Example¶

A code example for the I2S driver can be found in the directory peripherals/i2s.

In addition, there are two short configuration examples for the I2S driver.

I2S configuration¶

#include "driver/i2s.h"
#include "freertos/queue.h"

static const int i2s_num = 0; // i2s port number

static const i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX,
    .sample_rate = 44100,
    .bits_per_sample = 16,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = 0, // default interrupt priority
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 64,
    .use_apll = false
};

static const i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = 26,
    .ws_io_num = 25,
    .data_out_num = 22,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
};

...

    i2s_driver_install(i2s_num, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);   //install and start i2s driver

    i2s_set_pin(i2s_num, &pin_config);

    i2s_set_sample_rates(i2s_num, 22050); //set sample rates

    i2s_driver_uninstall(i2s_num); //stop & destroy i2s driver

Configuring I2S to use internal DAC for analog output¶

#include "driver/i2s.h"
#include "freertos/queue.h"

static const int i2s_num = 0; // i2s port number

static const i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX | I2S_MODE_DAC_BUILT_IN,
    .sample_rate = 44100,
    .bits_per_sample = 16, /* the DAC module will only take the 8bits from MSB */
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .intr_alloc_flags = 0, // default interrupt priority
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 64,
    .use_apll = false
};

...

    i2s_driver_install(i2s_num, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);   //install and start i2s driver

    i2s_set_pin(i2s_num, NULL); //for internal DAC, this will enable both of the internal channels

    //You can call i2s_set_dac_mode to set built-in DAC output mode.
    //i2s_set_dac_mode(I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_BOTH_EN);

    i2s_set_sample_rates(i2s_num, 22050); //set sample rates

    i2s_driver_uninstall(i2s_num); //stop & destroy i2s driver

API Reference¶

Header File¶

driver/include/driver/i2s.h

Functions¶

esp_err_t i2s_set_pin(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const i2s_pin_config_t *pin)¶

Set I2S pin number.

Inside the pin configuration structure, set I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE for any pin where the current configuration should not be changed.

Note

The I2S peripheral output signals can be connected to multiple GPIO pads. However, the I2S peripheral input signal can only be connected to one GPIO pad.

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0 or I2S_NUM_1
pin: I2S Pin structure, or NULL to set 2-channel 8-bit internal DAC pin configuration (GPIO25 & GPIO26)

Note

if *pin is set as NULL, this function will initialize both of the built-in DAC channels by default. if you don’t want this to happen and you want to initialize only one of the DAC channels, you can call i2s_set_dac_mode instead.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_FAIL IO error

esp_err_t i2s_set_pdm_rx_down_sample(i2s_port_t i2s_num, i2s_pdm_dsr_t dsr)¶

Set PDM mode down-sample rate In PDM RX mode, there would be 2 rounds of downsample process in hardware. In the first downsample process, the sampling number can be 16 or 8. In the second downsample process, the sampling number is fixed as 8. So the clock frequency in PDM RX mode would be (fpcm * 64) or (fpcm * 128) accordingly.

Note

After calling this function, it would call i2s_set_clk inside to update the clock frequency. Please call this function after I2S driver has been initialized.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
dsr: i2s RX down sample rate for PDM mode.

esp_err_t i2s_set_dac_mode(i2s_dac_mode_t dac_mode)¶

Set I2S dac mode, I2S built-in DAC is disabled by default.

Note

Built-in DAC functions are only supported on I2S0 for current ESP32 chip. If either of the built-in DAC channel are enabled, the other one can not be used as RTC DAC function at the same time.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

dac_mode: DAC mode configurations - see i2s_dac_mode_t

esp_err_t i2s_driver_install(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const i2s_config_t *i2s_config, int queue_size, void *i2s_queue)¶

Install and start I2S driver.

This function must be called before any I2S driver read/write operations.

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
i2s_config: I2S configurations - see i2s_config_t struct
queue_size: I2S event queue size/depth.
i2s_queue: I2S event queue handle, if set NULL, driver will not use an event queue.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

esp_err_t i2s_driver_uninstall(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Uninstall I2S driver.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1

esp_err_t i2s_write(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const void *src, size_t size, size_t *bytes_written, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)¶

Write data to I2S DMA transmit buffer.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
src: Source address to write from
size: Size of data in bytes
[out] bytes_written: Number of bytes written, if timeout, the result will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait: TX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without space becoming available in the DMA transmit buffer, then the function will return (note that if the data is written to the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

esp_err_t i2s_write_expand(i2s_port_t i2s_num, const void *src, size_t size, size_t src_bits, size_t aim_bits, size_t *bytes_written, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)¶

Write data to I2S DMA transmit buffer while expanding the number of bits per sample. For example, expanding 16-bit PCM to 32-bit PCM.

Format of the data in source buffer is determined by the I2S configuration (see

i2s_config_t).

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
src: Source address to write from
size: Size of data in bytes
src_bits: Source audio bit
aim_bits: Bit wanted, no more than 32, and must be greater than src_bits
[out] bytes_written: Number of bytes written, if timeout, the result will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait: TX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without space becoming available in the DMA transmit buffer, then the function will return (note that if the data is written to the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

esp_err_t i2s_read(i2s_port_t i2s_num, void *dest, size_t size, size_t *bytes_read, TickType_t ticks_to_wait)¶

Read data from I2S DMA receive buffer.

Note

If the built-in ADC mode is enabled, we should call i2s_adc_enable and i2s_adc_disable around the whole reading process, to prevent the data getting corrupted.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
dest: Destination address to read into
size: Size of data in bytes
[out] bytes_read: Number of bytes read, if timeout, bytes read will be less than the size passed in.
ticks_to_wait: RX buffer wait timeout in RTOS ticks. If this many ticks pass without bytes becoming available in the DMA receive buffer, then the function will return (note that if data is read from the DMA buffer in pieces, the overall operation may still take longer than this timeout.) Pass portMAX_DELAY for no timeout.

esp_err_t i2s_set_sample_rates(i2s_port_t i2s_num, uint32_t rate)¶

Set sample rate used for I2S RX and TX.

The bit clock rate is determined by the sample rate and i2s_config_t configuration parameters (number of channels, bits_per_sample).

bit_clock = rate * (number of channels) * bits_per_sample

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
rate: I2S sample rate (ex: 8000, 44100…)

esp_err_t i2s_stop(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Stop I2S driver.

There is no need to call i2s_stop() before calling i2s_driver_uninstall().

Disables I2S TX/RX, until i2s_start() is called.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1

esp_err_t i2s_start(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Start I2S driver.

It is not necessary to call this function after i2s_driver_install() (it is started automatically), however it is necessary to call it after i2s_stop().

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1

esp_err_t i2s_zero_dma_buffer(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Zero the contents of the TX DMA buffer.

Pushes zero-byte samples into the TX DMA buffer, until it is full.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1

esp_err_t i2s_set_clk(i2s_port_t i2s_num, uint32_t rate, i2s_bits_per_sample_t bits, i2s_channel_t ch)¶

Set clock & bit width used for I2S RX and TX.

Similar to i2s_set_sample_rates(), but also sets bit width.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_NO_MEM Out of memory

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1
rate: I2S sample rate (ex: 8000, 44100…)
bits: I2S bit width (I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT, I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_24BIT, I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT)
ch: I2S channel, (I2S_CHANNEL_MONO, I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO)

float i2s_get_clk(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

get clock set on particular port number.

Return

actual clock set by i2s driver

Parameters

i2s_num: I2S_NUM_0, I2S_NUM_1

esp_err_t i2s_set_adc_mode(adc_unit_t adc_unit, adc1_channel_t adc_channel)¶

Set built-in ADC mode for I2S DMA, this function will initialize ADC pad, and set ADC parameters.

Note

In this mode, the ADC maximum sampling rate is 150KHz. Set the sampling rate through i2s_config_t.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error

Parameters

adc_unit: SAR ADC unit index
adc_channel: ADC channel index

esp_err_t i2s_adc_enable(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Start to use I2S built-in ADC mode.

Note

This function would acquire the lock of ADC to prevent the data getting corrupted during the I2S peripheral is being used to do fully continuous ADC sampling.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE Driver state error

Parameters

i2s_num: i2s port index

esp_err_t i2s_adc_disable(i2s_port_t i2s_num)¶

Stop to use I2S built-in ADC mode.

Note

This function would release the lock of ADC so that other tasks can use ADC.

Return

ESP_OK Success
ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE Driver state error

Parameters

i2s_num: i2s port index

Macros¶

I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE¶: Use in i2s_pin_config_t for pins which should not be changed

Type Definitions¶

typedef intr_handle_t i2s_isr_handle_t¶

Header File¶

soc/include/hal/i2s_types.h

Structures¶

struct i2s_config_t¶

I2S configuration parameters for i2s_param_config function.

Public Members

i2s_mode_t mode¶: I2S work mode

int sample_rate¶: I2S sample rate

i2s_bits_per_sample_t bits_per_sample¶: I2S bits per sample

i2s_channel_fmt_t channel_format¶: I2S channel format

i2s_comm_format_t communication_format¶: I2S communication format

int intr_alloc_flags¶: Flags used to allocate the interrupt. One or multiple (ORred) ESP_INTR_FLAG_* values. See esp_intr_alloc.h for more info

int dma_buf_count¶: I2S DMA Buffer Count

int dma_buf_len¶: I2S DMA Buffer Length

bool use_apll¶: I2S using APLL as main I2S clock, enable it to get accurate clock

bool tx_desc_auto_clear¶: I2S auto clear tx descriptor if there is underflow condition (helps in avoiding noise in case of data unavailability)

int fixed_mclk¶: I2S using fixed MCLK output. If use_apll = true and fixed_mclk > 0, then the clock output for i2s is fixed and equal to the fixed_mclk value.

struct i2s_event_t¶

Event structure used in I2S event queue.

Public Members

i2s_event_type_t type¶: I2S event type

size_t size¶: I2S data size for I2S_DATA event

struct i2s_pin_config_t¶

I2S pin number for i2s_set_pin.

Public Members

int bck_io_num¶: BCK in out pin

int ws_io_num¶: WS in out pin

int data_out_num¶: DATA out pin

int data_in_num¶: DATA in pin

Enumerations¶

enum i2s_port_t¶

I2S port number, the max port number is (I2S_NUM_MAX -1).

Values:

I2S_NUM_0 = 0¶: I2S port 0

I2S_NUM_1 = 1¶: I2S port 1

I2S_NUM_MAX¶: I2S port max

enum i2s_bits_per_sample_t¶

I2S bit width per sample.

Values:

I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_8BIT = 8¶: I2S bits per sample: 8-bits

I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT = 16¶: I2S bits per sample: 16-bits

I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_24BIT = 24¶: I2S bits per sample: 24-bits

I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT = 32¶: I2S bits per sample: 32-bits

enum i2s_channel_t¶

I2S channel.

Values:

I2S_CHANNEL_MONO = 1¶: I2S 1 channel (mono)

I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO = 2¶: I2S 2 channel (stereo)

enum i2s_comm_format_t¶

I2S communication standard format.

Values:

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S = 0X01¶: I2S communication I2S Philips standard, data launch at second BCK

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MSB = 0X03¶: I2S communication MSB alignment standard, data launch at first BCK

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT = 0x04¶: PCM Short standard

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_LONG = 0x0C¶: PCM Long standard

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MAX¶: standard max

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S = 0x01¶: I2S communication format I2S, correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB = 0x01¶: I2S format MSB, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S |I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_LSB = 0x02¶: I2S format LSB, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S |I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_LSB) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MSB

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM = 0x04¶: I2S communication format PCM, correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_SHORT = 0x04¶: PCM Short, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM | I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_SHORT) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_SHORT

I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_LONG = 0x08¶: PCM Long, (I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM | I2S_COMM_FORMAT_PCM_LONG) correspond to I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_PCM_LONG

enum i2s_channel_fmt_t¶

I2S channel format type.

Values:

I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT = 0x00¶

I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ALL_RIGHT¶

I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ALL_LEFT¶

I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_RIGHT¶

I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT¶

enum i2s_mode_t¶

I2S Mode, defaut is I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX.

Note: PDM and built-in DAC functions are only supported on I2S0 for current ESP32 chip.

Values:

I2S_MODE_MASTER = 1¶: Master mode

I2S_MODE_SLAVE = 2¶: Slave mode

I2S_MODE_TX = 4¶: TX mode

I2S_MODE_RX = 8¶: RX mode

I2S_MODE_DAC_BUILT_IN = 16¶: Output I2S data to built-in DAC, no matter the data format is 16bit or 32 bit, the DAC module will only take the 8bits from MSB

I2S_MODE_ADC_BUILT_IN = 32¶: Input I2S data from built-in ADC, each data can be 12-bit width at most

I2S_MODE_PDM = 64¶: PDM mode

enum i2s_clock_src_t¶

I2S source clock.

Values:

I2S_CLK_D2CLK = 0¶: Clock from PLL_D2_CLK(160M)

I2S_CLK_APLL¶: Clock from APLL

enum i2s_event_type_t¶

I2S event types.

Values:

I2S_EVENT_DMA_ERROR¶

I2S_EVENT_TX_DONE¶: I2S DMA finish sent 1 buffer

I2S_EVENT_RX_DONE¶: I2S DMA finish received 1 buffer

I2S_EVENT_MAX¶: I2S event max index

enum i2s_dac_mode_t¶

I2S DAC mode for i2s_set_dac_mode.

Note: PDM and built-in DAC functions are only supported on I2S0 for current ESP32 chip.

Values:

I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_DISABLE = 0¶: Disable I2S built-in DAC signals

I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_RIGHT_EN = 1¶: Enable I2S built-in DAC right channel, maps to DAC channel 1 on GPIO25

I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_LEFT_EN = 2¶: Enable I2S built-in DAC left channel, maps to DAC channel 2 on GPIO26

I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_BOTH_EN = 0x3¶: Enable both of the I2S built-in DAC channels.

I2S_DAC_CHANNEL_MAX = 0x4¶: I2S built-in DAC mode max index

enum i2s_pdm_dsr_t¶

I2S PDM RX downsample mode.

Values:

I2S_PDM_DSR_8S = 0¶: downsampling number is 8 for PDM RX mode

I2S_PDM_DSR_16S¶: downsampling number is 16 for PDM RX mode

I2S_PDM_DSR_MAX¶

enum pdm_pcm_conv_t¶

PDM PCM convter enable/disable.

Values:

PDM_PCM_CONV_ENABLE¶: Enable PDM PCM convert

PDM_PCM_CONV_DISABLE¶: Disable PDM PCM convert

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