随机数发生器

[English]

ESP32 中包含一个硬件随机数发生器 (RNG),可以调用 API esp_random()esp_fill_random() 从中获取随机数值。

满足下列任意一个或多个条件时,硬件 RNG 会产生真随机数:

当上述任一条件为真时,物理噪声样本会连续混合到内部硬件 RNG 状态中来提供熵。如需了解详情,请参阅 ESP32 技术参考手册 > 随机数发生器 (RNG) [PDF] 章节。

如果上述条件都不满足,那么 RNG 的输出仅应被看作伪随机数。

启动

在启动过程中,ESP-IDF 引导加载程序暂时会启用一个非 RF 内部熵源(SAR ADC 使用内部参考电压噪声),为首次生成的启动密钥提供熵。

但是,当应用程序开始执行后,一直到 Wi-Fi 或蓝牙 初始化完成前或内部熵源再次被启用前,通常只有伪随机数可用。

如需在应用程序启动期间临时重启熵源,或为不使用 Wi-Fi 或蓝牙 的应用程序临时重启熵源,请调用函数 bootloader_random_enable() 重启内部熵源。在使用下列任一功能前,必须调用函数 bootloader_random_disable() 以禁用熵源。

  • ADC

  • I2S

  • Wi-Fi 或蓝牙

备注

ESP-IDF 二级引导加载程序在启动过程中启用的熵源会用熵来初始化内部 RNG 状态。但是,内部硬件 RNG 状态的大小并不足以提供连续的真随机数流。因此,在需要真随机数时必须启用连续的熵源。

备注

如果应用程序需要真随机数源,但无法永久性地启用硬件熵源,可以考虑使用软件 DRBG (确定性随机数发生器)来实现,如 mbedTLS CTR-DRBG 或 HMAC-DRBG,并使用来自硬件 RNG 真随机数来获取初始熵。

API 参考

Header File

Functions

uint32_t esp_random(void)

Get one random 32-bit word from hardware RNG.

If Wi-Fi or Bluetooth are enabled, this function returns true random numbers. In other situations, if true random numbers are required then consult the ESP-IDF Programming Guide "Random Number Generation" section for necessary prerequisites.

This function automatically busy-waits to ensure enough external entropy has been introduced into the hardware RNG state, before returning a new random number. This delay makes sure the reading frequency does not exceed 15-75 KHz. The actual value is dependent on the specific chip. More information on this can be found in components/esp_hw_support/hw_random.c.

返回

Random value between 0 and UINT32_MAX

void esp_fill_random(void *buf, size_t len)

Fill a buffer with random bytes from hardware RNG.

备注

This function is implemented via calls to esp_random(), so the same constraints apply.

参数
  • buf -- Pointer to buffer to fill with random numbers.

  • len -- Length of buffer in bytes

Header File

  • components/bootloader_support/include/bootloader_random.h

  • This header file can be included with:

    #include "bootloader_random.h"
    
  • This header file is a part of the API provided by the bootloader_support component. To declare that your component depends on bootloader_support, add the following to your CMakeLists.txt:

    REQUIRES bootloader_support
    

    or

    PRIV_REQUIRES bootloader_support
    

Functions

void bootloader_random_enable(void)

Enable an entropy source for RNG if RF subsystem is disabled.

The exact internal entropy source mechanism depends on the chip in use but all SoCs use the SAR ADC to continuously mix random bits (an internal noise reading) into the HWRNG. Consult the SoC Technical Reference Manual for more information.

Can also be called from app code, if true random numbers are required without initialized RF subsystem. This might be the case in early startup code of the application when the RF subsystem has not started yet or if the RF subsystem should not be enabled for power saving.

Consult ESP-IDF Programming Guide "Random Number Generation" section for details.

警告

This function is not safe to use if any other subsystem is accessing the RF subsystem or the ADC at the same time!

void bootloader_random_disable(void)

Disable entropy source for RNG.

Disables internal entropy source. Must be called after bootloader_random_enable() and before RF subsystem features, ADC, or I2S (ESP32 only) are initialized.

Consult the ESP-IDF Programming Guide "Random Number Generation" section for details.

void bootloader_fill_random(void *buffer, size_t length)

Fill buffer with 'length' random bytes.

备注

If this function is being called from app code only, and never from the bootloader, then it's better to call esp_fill_random().

参数
  • buffer -- Pointer to buffer

  • length -- This many bytes of random data will be copied to buffer

getrandom()

为方便移植,还提供了与 Linux 的 getrandom() 函数兼容的版本:

#include <sys/random.h>

ssize_t getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);

此函数通过内部调用 esp_fill_random() 来实现。

flags 参数将被忽略。该函数始终是非阻塞的,但随机数的强度取决于本文档所述条件。

如果 buf 参数为 NULL,返回值为 -1,并将 errno 设置为 EFAULT。否则返回 buflen

getentropy()

为了便于移植,还提供了与 Linux 的 getentropy() 函数兼容的版本:

#include <unistd.h>

int getentropy(void *buffer, size_t length);

此函数通过内部调用 getrandom() 实现。

随机数强度取决于本文档所述条件。

如果执行成功则返回 0,否则返回 -1,同时:

  • 如果 buffer 参数为 NULL,errno 设置为 EFAULT

  • 如果 length 超过 256,errno 设置为 EIO


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